Note: Front Cover -- Ion-Selective Electrode Reviews -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- EDITORIAL -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 1. PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR TESTING AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT BASED ON ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES -- KEYWORDS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LIST OF PROPOSED TESTS -- 3. VARIOUS PROPOSED SCHEDULES FOR TRIALS -- 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- 5. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. AMPEROMETRIC AND POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATIONS WITH IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES AND MICROORGANISMS -- KEYWORDS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ENZYME SENSORS -- 3. MICROBIAL SENSORS -- 4. HYBRID BIOSENSORS -- 5. CONCLUSION -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. DRUG-TYPE SUBSTANCES ANALYSIS WITH MEMBRANE ELECTRODES -- KEYWORDS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DRUG-TYPE SUBSTANCES -- III. CONCLUSIONS -- IV. REFERENCES -- THE AUTHORS -- BOOK REVIEW -- CHAPTER 4. COATED-WIRE ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES -- KEYWORDS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS -- 3. THEORY -- 4. ATTEMPTS TO INTRODUCE A THERMODYNAMICALLY DEFINABLE REFERENCE SYSTEM -- 5. INORGANIC CATIONS -- 6. ORGANIC IONS -- 7. SIMPLE ANIONS -- 8. IMMUNOELECTRODES -- 9. NEW DEVELOPMENTS -- 10. REFERENCES -- THE AUTHORS -- CHAPTER 5. IN VIVO APPLICATION OF ISFETs: SUMMARY OF CURRENT LABORATORY RESEARCH AND PROBABLE FUTURE CLINICAL DETECTORS -- KEYWORDS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEVICE DESCRIPTION -- 3. RECENT EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIONS -- 4. PROBABLE USES IN CLINICAL CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE -- 5. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES -- 6. SUMMARY -- 7. REFERENCES -- THE AUTHORS -- CHAPTER 6. RECENT TITLES - VI -- 1. ELECTRODE DEVELOPMENT AND NEW ELECTRODES, INCLUDING ASPECTS OF SELECTIVITY -- 2. MECHANISTIC, THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND RESPONSE TIMES -- 3. SOLUTION CHEMISTRY AND ISEs -- 4. STANDARD ADDITION AND RELATED METHODS -- 5. POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS -- 6. AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS AND CONTINUOUS MONITORING -- 7. GENERAL ASPECTS OF METHODOLOGY -- 8. APPLICATIONS OF ISEs. , 9. GLASS AND OTHER pH ELECTRODES: DEVELOPMENT, APPRAISAL, ETC -- 10. GAS-SENSING ELECTRODES : DEVELOPMENT AND NEW SYSTEMS -- 11. APPLICATION OF GAS SENSORS -- 12. AMPEROMETRIC, VOLTAMMETRIC AND MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF BIOSENSING -- 13. MODIFIED ELECTRODES FOR PROMOTING SELECTIVITY -- 14. PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS -- 15. REFERENCE ELECTRODES AND LIQUID JUNCTIONS -- 16. BOOKS AND GENERAL REVIEWS -- SUBJECT INDEX -- AUTHOR INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part One: BASIC METHODOLOGY -- Chapter 1. Optimization of PCRs -- Standard PCR Amplification Protocol -- Enzyme Concentration -- Deoxynucleotide Triphosphates -- Magnesium Concentration -- Other Reaction Components -- Primer Annealing -- Primer Extension -- Denaturation Time and Temperature -- Cycle Number -- Primers -- Plateau Effect -- Fidelity Considerations -- Chapter 2. Amplification of Genomic DNA -- Protocols -- Other Reaction Components -- Cycling Parameters -- Chapter 3. Amplification of RNA -- Protocols -- Discussion and Helpful Hints -- Chapter 4. RACE: Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends -- RACE Protocol -- Cloning RACE Products -- Troubleshooting and Comments on Protocol Steps -- Chapter 5. Degenerate Primers for DNA Amplification -- Recommended Procedures -- Examples of Use -- Chapter 6. cDNA Cloning Using Degenerate Primers -- Principle of the MOPAC Procedure -- Further Advances in MOPAC Technology -- Further Recommendations for the MOPAC Procedure -- Protocols -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 7. PCR with 7-Deaza-2'-Deoxyguanosine Triphosphate -- PCR Using a 3 : 1 c7dGTP : dGTP Mixture -- Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 8. Competitive PCR for Quantitation of mRNA -- Protocols -- Example -- Discussion -- Chapter 9. Quantitative PCR -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Chapter 10. Production of Single-Stranded DNA by Asymmetric PCR -- Protocol -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 11. Cloning with PCR -- Primer Design -- Protocols -- Sticky-End Cloning -- Discussion -- Chapter 12. Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay -- Protocol -- Design and Labeling of Oligonucleotides -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 13. Nonisotopically Labeled Probes and Primers -- Chemistry -- Protocols. , Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 14. Incorporation of Biotinylated dUTP -- Protocol -- Discussion -- Chapter 15. Nonisotopic Detection of PCR Products -- Protocols -- Preparation of Membranes -- Color Development -- Example of Use -- Troubleshooting -- Conclusion -- Chapter 16. Thermostable DNA Polymerases -- Characterized Thermophilic Organisms -- Thermus aquaticus -- Fidelity, Extension of Mismatched Primers, and Mutagenesis -- Template Requirements and Novel Properties -- Ionic Requirements, Solvents, and Inhibitors -- Endogenous DNA -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 17. Procedures to Minimize PCR-Product Carry-Over -- Physical Separation of Pre- and Post-PCR Amplifications -- Aliquot Reagents -- Positive Displacement Pipettes -- Meticulous Laboratory Techniques -- Judicious Selection of Controls -- Chapter 18. Sample Preparation from Blood, Cells, and Other Fluids -- Protocols -- Discussion and Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 19. Sample Preparation from Paraffin-Embedded Tissues -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 20. Amplifying Ancient DNA -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Part Two: RESEARCH APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 21. In Vitro Transcription of PCR Templates -- Protocols -- Applications -- Chapter 22. Recombinant PCR -- Protocols -- Misincorporation by Taq DNA Polymerase -- Chapter 23. DNase I Footprinting -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Chapter 24. Sequencing with Taq DNA Polymerase -- Basic Sequencing Protocol -- Sequencing of PCR Products -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 25. Direct Sequencing with the Aid of Phage Promoters -- Protocols for RAWTS -- Nomenclature -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 26. Identifying DNA Polymorphisms by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis -- Strategies for Identifying Polymorphisms by DGGE -- Protocols -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , Chapter 27. Amplification of Flanking Sequences by Inverse PCR -- Protocol for Inverse PCR -- Using Inverse PCR for Chromosome Walking -- Further Applications of Inverse PCR -- Chapter 28. Detection of Homologous Recombinants -- Basic Strategy for Screening for Homologous Recombinants -- Potential Artifacts -- Protocols -- Chapter 29. RNA Processing: Apo-B -- Protocols -- Discussion -- Chapter 30. A Transcription-Based Amplification System -- Protocols -- Results and Conclusions -- Chapter 31. Screening of λgt11 Libraries -- Protocol -- Variations -- Part Three: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION -- Chapter 32. HLA DNA Typing -- PCR/Oligonucleotide Probe Typing -- Protocols -- Potential Problems -- Chapter 33. Multiplex PCR for the Diagnosis of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy -- Multiplex Amplification Protocol -- Discussion -- Potential Problems and Solutions -- Future Developments -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 34. Isolation of DNA from Fungal Mycelia and Single Spores -- DNA Isolation Protocol -- Notes -- Amplification from Single Spores -- Chapter 35. Genetic Prediction of Hemophilia A -- Protocols and Examples -- Analysis of Polymorphisms by Hybridization of Allele-Specific Oligonucleotides -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 36. Haplotype Analysis from Single Sperm or Diploid Cells -- Method -- Protocols -- Chapter 37. Amplification of Ribosomal RNA Genes for Molecular Evolution Studies -- Protocols -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 38. Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics -- Protocol -- Part Four: DIAGNOSTICS AND FORENSICS -- Chapter 39. Detection of Human T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Viruses -- Protocols -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 40. Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- Protocols -- Interpretation of Results -- Applications. , Chapter 41. Detection of Hepatitis B Virus -- Protocols -- DNA Amplification -- Chapter 42. Detection and Typing of Genital Human Papillomaviruses -- Protocols -- Analysis and Interpretation of Results -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 43. Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus -- Protocols -- Comments -- Chapter 44. PCR Amplification of Enteroviruses -- Protocols -- Example -- Chapter 45. Novel Viruses -- Amplification of Novel Viral Sequences Using Degenerate Oligonucleotide Primers -- Chapter 46. Analysis of ras Gene Point Mutations by PCR and Oligonucleotide Hybridization -- Principle of the Method -- Protocol -- Chapter 47. B-Cell Lymphoma: t(14 -- 18) Chromosome Rearrangement -- Protocols -- Standardization of the Procedure -- Contamination -- Chapter 48. Detecting Bacterial Pathogens in Environmental Water Samples by Using PCR and Gene Probes -- Protocols -- Chapter 49. PCR in the Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma -- Protocols -- cDNA Reaction -- Discussion -- Chapter 50. Determination of Familial Relationships -- Strategy for the Amplification and Direct Sequencing of the D Loop -- Protocols -- PCR Procedure -- Population Genetics of the Human D Loop -- Determination of Maternal Relationships via mtDNA D Loop Sequencing -- Acknowledgments -- Part Five: INSTRUMENTATION AND SUPPLIES -- Chapter 51. PCR in a Teacup: A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Thermocycling PCRs -- Supplies -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 52. A Low-Cost Air-Driven Cycling Oven -- System Overview -- Details of Construction -- Sources for Specialized Materials -- Chapter 53. Modification of a Histokinette for Use as an Automated PCR Machine -- Modification of a Histokinette -- Procedure -- Notes -- Examples of Use -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 54. Organizing a Laboratory for PCR Work -- Preventing Cross-Contamination with Amplified DNA Sequences. , Estimated Cost of PCR and Direct Sequencing -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 55. Basic Equipment and Supplies -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface Michael Faraday and The Royal Institution -- Chapter 1: Setting the Scene -- Chapter 2: Rumford, Davy and The Royal Institution -- Chapter 3: From Errand Boy to the Grand Tour -- Chapter 4: Faraday's Scientific Contributions -- Chapter 5: Faraday's Writings -- Chapter 6: Faraday the Man -- Chapter 7: Faraday's Influence upon The Royal Institution -- Chapter 8: The Popularization of Science -- Epilogue -- Appendix V: Part of The Royal Institution Lecture Calendar, 1933 -- Appendix IV: Discourses Arranged by Faraday (before 1862) -- Appendix III: Faraday's Friday Evening Discourses,1835 onwards -- Appendix II: Learned Societies to which Faraday was Elected -- Appendix I: Faraday's Discourses & -- Scientific Publications, 1832-1834 -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Wills' Biochemical Basis of Medicine -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1: Biochemistry of the cell and its metabolism -- Chapter 1. Ultrastructure of the mammalian cell -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods of studying cellstructure and function -- 1.3 Ultrastructure of typical cells -- 1.4 Biochemical functions of themain subcellular components -- Chapter 2. Roles of extracellular and intracellular membranes: membrane structure and membrane transport -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Membrane composition -- 2.3 Membrane structure -- 2.4 Membrane functions -- 2.5 Membrane transport -- Chapter 3. Role of subcellular organelles:lysosomes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Origin of lysosomal enzymes -- 3.3 The nature of the lysosomalenzymes -- 3.4 Investigational methods andproperties of lysosomal enzymes -- 3.5 Transport across the lysosomal membrane -- 3.6 The life cycle of the lysosome -- 3.7 Functions of lysosomes in the tissues -- 3.8 Lysosomes in pathological conditions -- Chapter 4. Role of subcellular organelles: peroxisomes -- 4.1 Historical and background -- 4.2 Structure of the peroxisome -- 4.3 Enzymic complement of the peroxisomes -- 4.4 Biological functions of peroxisomes -- 4.5 Evolutionary history of peroxisomes and its significance -- Chapter 5. Role of subcellular organelles: metabolism in the cytosol -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Preparation of the cytosol -- 5.3 Composition of the cytosol -- 5.4 Functions of the cytosol -- Chapter 6. Role of subcellular organelles: mitochondria and energy conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mitochondria in typical cells -- 6.3 Mitochondrial structure -- 6.4 Composition of themitochondria -- 6.5 The biochemistry ofmitochondria -- 6.6 Relation of mitochondrial structure to enzyme activity and function. , 6.7 Replication of mitochondria -- Chapter 7 Role of subcellular organelles: inter-relationships of the mitochondria and cytosol -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Membranes of themitochondria -- 7.3 Mitochondrial transportsystems -- 7.4 Classification of carrier types -- 7.5 Classification of carriers -- 7.6 Mode of action of typical carriers -- 7.7 Roles of carrier systems in metabolism -- Chapter 8 Role of subcellular organelles: the nucleus -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structure of the nucleus -- 8.3 Metabolism in the nucleus -- Chapter 9. Role of subcellular organelles: the endoplasmic reticulum -- 9.1 Nature of the endoplasmic reticulum -- 9.2 Relationship of theendoplasmic reticulum to othercellular organelles -- 9.3 Separation of the endoplasmic reticulum by ultracentrifugation- the 'microsomes' or 'microsomal fraction' -- 9.4 Structure and composition of the endoplasmic reticulum -- 9.5 Functions of the smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum -- 9.6 Functions of the rough membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum - the ribosomes -- Further reading to Part 1 -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Part 2: Whole body metabolism -- Chapter 10. Nutrition: general aspects -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Components of an adequate diet -- 10.3 Causes of malnutrition -- 10.4 Nutritional methodology -- 10,5 Nutritional problems in modern society -- Chapter 11. Nutrition: energy requirements and the supply of energy by oxidation of foodstuffs -- 11.1 Energy units -- 11.2 Energy supply and utilization -- 11.3 Basal metabolism -- 11.4 Energy for work activity -- 11.5 Energy supply from foodstuffs -- Chapter 12. Nutrition: proteins in the diet -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Protein turnover -- 12.3 Consequences of removal of protein from the diet -- 12.4 Protein in foodstuffs. , 12.5 Daily protein requirements -- 12.6 Protein quality: 'first- and second-class proteins' and essential amino acids -- 12.7 Concept o f biological value' and 'chemical score' -- 12.8 Simulated meat foods -- 12.9 Consequences of large intakes of protein -- 12.10 Nitrogen balance -- Chapter 13. Nutrition: dietary fats -- 13.1 Introduction: why eat fats? -- 13.2 Essential fatty acids -- 13.3 Human response to essential fatty acid deficiency -- 13.4 Chain elongation and functions of essential fatty acids -- 13.5 Diet and heart disease -- 13.6 Mode of action of polyunsaturated fats in reducing the concentration of the plasma cholesterol -- 13.7 Value of dietary changes in the prevention of heart disease -- Chapter 14. Nutrition: vitamins -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Classification of the vitamins -- 14.3 Vitamin synthesis by intestinal bacteria -- 14.4 Storage of vitamins -- 14.5 The water-soluble vitamins: the Β group of vitamins and vitamin C -- 14.6 The fat-soluble vitamins -- Chapter 15. Nutrition: inorganic constituents of the diet -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Metals found in the human body -- 15.3 Factors affecting metal requirements -- 15.4 Dietary requirements for metals -- 15.5 Roles of metal ions -- 15.6 Anions in the diet -- Chapter 16. Digestion and absorption of foodstuffs -- 16.1 Foods digested and absorbed in man -- 16.2 Biochemical changes in ingested foods and the role of the digestive organs -- 16.3 Enzymic processes involved in digestion -- 16.4 The digestive secretions -- 16.5 Control of digestive secretions: the gastrointestinal hormones -- 16.6 Methods of studying absorption from the intestine -- 16.7 Absorption mechanisms -- 16.8 Carbohydrate digestion and absorption -- 16.9 Protein digestion and absorption -- 16.10 Fat digestion and absorption -- 16.11 Dietary fibre -- 16.12 Bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract. , 16.13 Malabsorption syndromes -- Chapter 17. Hormones: a summary of their structures and functions -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The role of the second messenger -- 17.3 Structural relationships of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland -- 17.4 The hypothalamus - anterior pituitary - target organ relationships -- 17.5 Biosynthesis of peptide hormones -- 17.6 Hormones of the hypothalamus -- 17.7 Hormones of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) -- 17.8 Hormones of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) -- 17.9 Hormones of the pancreas -- 17.10 The thyroid and parathyroid glands -- 17.11 The adrenal medulla -- 17.12 Steroidogenic organs -- 17.13 Diseases of steroid hormone production -- 17.14 Control of metabolism by hormones -- Chapter 18. Plasma glucose and its regulation -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Maintenance of glucose concentration during fasting conditions -- 18.3 Insulin release in the fed state -- 18.4 Tissue response to increased plasma insulin and glucose concentrations -- 18.5 The role of glucagon -- 18.6 Carbohydrate metabolism in the fetus and newborn -- 18.7 Metabolism of fructose and galactose -- 18.8 Circulating glucose under stress conditions -- Chapter 19. Plasma lipids and their regulation -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Classification of plasma lipids -- 19.3 Lipid transport in the fed state -- 19.4 Lipid transport in the fasting state -- 19.5 Fatty livers -- 19.6 Interaction and interchange between lipoproteins -- 19.7 Hyperlipoproteinaemias -- 19.8 Factors leading to raised plasma lipid levels -- Chapter 20. Plasma amino acids and utilization of amino acids by the tissues -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 How does man utilize amino acids? -- 20.3 The effect of a protein meal on plasma amino acid concentrations -- 20.4 The utilization of branched-chain amino acids in muscle and formation of alanine. , 20.5 The induction of amino acid catabolizing enzymes -- 20.6 Amino acid imbalance -- 20.7 Hormonal regulation of plasma amino acids -- Chapter 21 Plasma electrolytes -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Electrolyte composition of normal plasma -- 21.3 Water components of the body -- 21.4 The osmolarity of the fluid compartment and its regulation -- 21.5 Changes in the plasma concentrations of specific electrolytes -- Chapter 22. Plasma calcium and phosphate: regulation by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone -- 22.1 Introduction: importance of calcium and phosphate in the animal body -- 22.2 Plasma calcium -- 22.3 Dietary calcium and phosphate and calcium kinetics -- 22.4 Factors regulating calcium absorption -- 22.6 Conversion of vitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 -- 22.5 Vitamin D -- 22.7 Mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 -- 22.8 Parathyroid hormone -- 22.9 Calcitonin -- 22.10 Inter-relationships of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the regulation of plasma calcium -- Chapter 23. Starvation -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Energy storage -- 23.3 Phases of starvation -- 23.4 Interprandial phase -- 23.5 Postabsorptive phase (overnight fast) -- 23.6 Prolonged starvation -- Further reading to Part 2 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 -- Chapter 15 -- Chapter 16 -- Chapter 17 -- Chapter 18 -- Chapter 19 -- Chapter 20 -- Chapter 21 -- Chapter 22 -- Chapter 23 -- Part 3: Specialized metabolism of tissues -- Chapter 24. Blood: erythropoiesis - role of folate and vitamin B12 -- 24.1 Normal erythropoiesis and site of formation of abnormal cells in conditions of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies -- 24.2 Macrocytic anaemias -- 24.3 Causes of folate deficiency -- 24.4 Absorption and distribution of folate -- 24,5 Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency -- 24.6 Absorption and distribution of vitamin B12. , 24.7 Inter-relationships of folate and vitamin B12.

Note: Intro -- FUSED PYRIMIDINES: Miscellaneous Fused Pyrimidines -- Contents -- CHAPTER I. PYRIDOPYRIMIDINES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridines -- B. Synthesis of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridines -- D. Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (a) Formation of Bond 4a-5 -- (b) Formation of Bond 5-6 -- (c) Formation of Bond 7-8 -- (d) Formation of Bond 8-8a -- (2) From Pyridines -- (a) Formation of Bond 8a-l -- (b) Formation of Bond 1-2 -- (c) Formation of Bond 2-3 -- (d) Formation of Bond 3-4 -- (e) Formation of Bond 4-4a -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines -- B. Of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- C. Of Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- D. Of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) With Nucleophiles -- (2) With Electrophiles -- (3) Reductions -- (4) Oxidations -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. Derivatives of Pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine -- Table 2. Derivatives of Pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 3. Derivatives of Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- Table 4. Derivatives of 2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 5. Derivatives of 2-Amino-4-hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 6. Derivatives of 2-Aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 7. Derivatives of 4-Aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 8. Derivatives of 2,4-Dihydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 9. Derivatives of 2-Hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 10. Derivatives of 4-Hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 11. Derivatives of 4-Amino-2-mercaptopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 12. Derivatives of 4-Hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. , Table 13. Derivatives of 2-Mercapto- and 4-Mercaptopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 14. Derivatives of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER II. PYRANO- AND THIOPYRANOPYRIMIDINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyrans -- (3) From Nonheteroaromatic Precursors -- B. Synthesis of Pyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyrans -- C. Synthesis of Pyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyrans -- D. Synthesis of Thiopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Thiopyrans -- E. Synthesis of Thiopyrano[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- F. Synthesis of Thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- 3. Reactions -- A. With Nucleophilic Reagents -- B. Other Reactions -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 2. The Pyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 3. Miscellaneous Pyranopyrimidines -- Table 4. The Thiopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines -- Table 5. The Thiopyrano[3,4-d]pyrimidines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER III. PYRIMIDOPYRIMIDINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines -- (1) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Hydrogen -- (2) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Nitriles -- (3) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Amides -- (4) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Esters -- (5) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Aldehyde or Ketone Groups (or Their Derivatives) -- (6) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Substituted Methyl Groups -- (7) From Pyrimidines with Miscellaneous Groups Adjacent to Each Other -- (8) From Pyrimidines Fused to Other Rings -- (9) From Nonheteroaromatic Precursors -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines. , (1) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Carboxylic Acids -- (2) From Pyrimidines with Amino Groups Adjacent to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives -- (3) From Pyrimidines with Miscellaneous Groups Adjacent to Each Other -- (4) By Rearrangement of Other Heterocyclic Systems -- (5) From Nonheteroaromatic Precursors -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines with Nucleophiles -- B. Other Reactions of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines -- C. Of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with Nucleophiles -- D. Other Reactions of Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines That Have No Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 2. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines with One Oxo or Thioxo Group -- Table 3. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines with Two Oxo and/or Thioxo Groups -- Table 4. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines waith Three or Four Oxo and/or Thioxo Groups -- Table 5. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidines -- Table 6. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with No Oxo, Thioxo, or Halogen Groups -- Table 7. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with No Oxo or Thioxo Groups But with Halogen Groups -- Table 8. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines with Oxo and/or Thioxo Groups -- Table 9. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER IV. PYRIMIDOPYRIDAZINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridazines -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridazines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Pyridazines -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines -- B. Of Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazines -- C. Of Pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazines -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines. , Table 2. The Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazines -- Table 3. The Pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazines -- Table 4. Miscellaneous Pyrimidopyridazines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER V. PYRIMIDOOXAZINES AND PYRIMIDOTHIAZINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-b][l,4]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-b][l,4]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-e] [l,3]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- D. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d][l,3]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Other Rings -- E. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-d][l,3]oxazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- F. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d][1,4]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Other Rings -- G. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-b][l,4]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Thiazines -- H. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d][l,4]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- I. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-e] [l,3]thiazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- 3. Reactions -- A. With Nucleophilic Reagents -- B. Ring-Opening Reactions -- C. Other Reactions -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[4,5-b] [ 1,4]oxazines -- Table 2. The Pyrimido[5,4-b] [l,4]oxazines -- Table 3. The 2//-Pyrimido[4,5-e][l,3]oxazines -- Table 4. The Pyrimido[4,5-d][l,3]oxazines -- Table 5. The 4W-Pyrimido[5,4-d][l,3]oxazines -- Table 6. Miscellaneous Pyrimidooxazines -- Table 7. The Pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]thiazines -- Table 8. The Pyrimido[5,4-b][l,4]thiazines -- Table 9. Miscellaneous Pyrimidothiazines -- 6. References -- CHAPTER VI. PYRIMIDOTRIAZINES -- 1. Nomenclature -- 2. Methods of Synthesis of the Ring System -- A. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-e]-l,2,4-triazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Amino and Hydrazino Groups -- (2) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Amino and Chloro Groups. , (3) From Pyrimidines with 5-Nitroso or 5-Nitro Groups -- (4) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Hydrazino Groups -- (5) From Pyrimidines with a 6-Azido Group -- (6) From Pyrimidines with Adjacent Amino Groups -- (7) From Triazines -- (8) From Other Heterocyclic Rings -- B. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-e]-l,2,4-triazines -- (1) From Pyrimidines -- (2) From Triazines -- (3) From Purines -- C. Synthesis of Pyrimido[5,4-d]-l,2,3-triazines -- D. Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-d]-l,2,3-triazines -- 3. Reactions -- A. Of Pyrimido[5,4-e]-l,2,4-triazines -- (1) Simple Group Transformations -- (a) Oxidation Reactions -- (b) Functional Group Interconversions -- (c) Covalent Addition -- (2) Ring-Opening Reactions -- (a) With Retention of One of The Heteroaromatic Rings -- (b) With Formation of New Heteroaromatic Rings -- B. Of Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines -- (1) Simple Group Transformations -- (2) Ring-Opening Reactions -- C. Of Pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazines -- 4. Patent Literature -- 5. Tables -- Table 1. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines That Have No Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 2. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines with One Oxo or Thioxo Group -- Table 3. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Two Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 4. The Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Three Oxo Groups -- Table 5. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazines -- Table 6. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with No Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 7. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with One Oxo Group -- Table 8. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Two Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 9. The Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines with Three Oxo or Thioxo Groups -- Table 10. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazines -- Table 11. The Pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazines -- Table 12. Miscellaneous Pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazines -- 6. References -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Dolphin Cognition and Behavior: A Comparative Approach -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- I: BRAIN AND SENSES OF DOLPHINS -- 1. Evolutionary Morphology of the Dolphin Brain -- Introduction -- Subdivisions of the Cortical Formations -- Concepts of Neocortical Evolution: Application to Studies of Architecture of the Cetacean Cerebral Cortex -- Recent Studies of Cetacean Cortex -- Electrophysiological Mapping Studies of the Cetacean Brain -- Summary -- References -- 2. Physiological Observations on Dolphin Brains -- Dolphin Brain Size -- Convolutedness-Surface Area of the Dolphin Brain -- Volume of the Dolphin Cortex -- The Dolphin Brain and Visceral Function -- Growth of the Dolphin Brain -- Dolphin Brain Metabolism -- Hemispheric Independence -- Absence of REM Sleep in Dolphins -- Lateralization of the Dolphin Brain -- Somatosensory Observations on the dolphin -- The Auditory System -- References -- 3. Middle- and Long-Latency Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Dolphins -- Introduction -- Methods -- Experiment I. Effects of Stimulus Probability -- Experiment II. ERPs to Conditioned Tone Sequences -- Experiment III. The Recovery Cycle of the Dolphin ERP -- Discussion -- Summary -- References -- 4. Vision, Audition, and Chemoreception in Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals -- Introduction -- Vision -- Audition -- Chemoreception -- References -- 5. Dolphin Audition and Echolocation Capacities -- Introduction -- Ear Anatomy and Transduction Mechanisms -- Auditory Thresholds -- Delphinid Echolocation Sound Production -- Theoretical Echolocation Models -- References -- II: COGNITION AND INTELLIGENCE OF DOLPHINS -- 6. The Perceptual Worlds of Dolphins -- The Dolphin's World -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 7. How Can You Tell if an Animal is Intelligent? -- Folk Taxonomy. , Intelligence Within the Domain of Behavioral Science -- Quantity Vs. Quality -- Some Ways of Studying Animal Intelligence -- Similarity" is a Multidimensional, not a Unidimensional, Concept -- How Have Our Views of Animal Intelligence Changed Over the Past Two or Three Decades? -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 8. Describing Intelligence -- The Comparative Approach -- The Absolute Approach -- The Internal Representation of Objects -- Classification Behavior -- Problem Solving -- Concluding Comments -- References -- 9. Suggestions for Research on Ethological and Comparative Cognition -- Introduction -- Purpose -- List of Measurable Variables -- Comments on the List -- Summary -- References -- 10. Cognition and Language Competencies of Bottlenosed Dolphins -- Introduction -- Processing Auditory and Visual Information -- Language Comprehension -- Discussion -- References -- 11. Reinforcement Training as Interspecies Communication -- Dolphin Domestication -- Positive Reinforcement Training and Cognition -- Reinforcement Training and Intraspecific Signals -- Reinforcement Training and Human-Animal Communication -- Conclusion -- References -- 12. Dolphin Behavior and Cognition: Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects -- Introduction -- The Social Organizations of Mammals -- Social Organization and Encephalization -- Natural Selection and Social Dynamics -- Higher Mental Processes and Cognition -- References -- III: COMMUNICATION IN DOLPHINS -- 13. Dolphin Vocal Mimicry and Vocal Object Labeling -- Introduction -- Vocal Mimicry -- Labeling of Objects -- Implications of Mimicry for Cognition Research -- Natural Communication -- References -- 14. Acquisition of Anomalous Communicatory Systems: Implications for Studies on Interspecies Communication -- Inculcation of Human Codes-Validity and Implications. , Inculcation of Human Codes-Social and Referential Aspects -- Consequences of Anomalous Communicative Competence -- References -- 15. Awareness, Intentionality, and Acquired Communicative Behaviors: Dimensions of Intelligence -- Introduction -- The Difference Between Acquired and Innate Patterns -- Awareness and Intentional Informative Communicative Acts -- References -- 16. Signaling Behavior: Contributions of Different Repertoires -- The Repertoire of Signal Acts -- Repertoire of Variations of Signal Form -- Repertoires of Patterned Combinations of Signal Units -- Repertoires of Formalized Interactions -- Contributions of the Repertoires -- Conclusions -- References -- IV: SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND FORAGING STRATEGIES OF DOLPHINS -- 17. Delphinid Social Organization and Social Behavior -- Introduction -- Social Organization -- Social Behavior -- The Symmetry of Relations -- Conclusion -- References -- 18. Delphinid Foraging Strategies -- Introduction -- Finding and Securing Food -- Cooperative Foraging -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 19. Social Complexity and Cooperative Behavior in Delphinids -- Forms of Social Cooperation -- Economics of Cooperation in General -- Economics of Cooperation in Cetaceans -- Measures of Cooperation Complexity -- References -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Literaturverz. S. 116 - 121 , Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss. : 1987