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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of omeprazole on gastro-oesophageal reflux and symptoms during strenuous exercise (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 13 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: : Strenuous exercise exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux and symptoms and this may be diminished by antisecretory medication with omeprazole.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods: Fourteen well-trained athletes (13 men, one woman), who indicated suffering from either heartburn, regurgitation or chest pain during competition running, performed two experimental trials at 2-week intervals using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. During the 6 days preceding the trial and on the trial day itself either 20 mg of omeprazole or a placebo was administered. Two hours after a low-fat breakfast and 1 h after the last study dose, the trial started with five successive 50-min periods: rest, three running periods on a treadmill, and recovery. Reflux (percentage time and number of periods oesophageal pH 〈 4) was measured with an ambulant pH system during these periods.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results: Compared to rest, reflux lasted significantly longer and occurred more frequently during the first running period, irrespective of the intervention, whereas during the second running period this effect was only observed with the placebo. Reflux occurred for longer and more frequently with the placebo than with omeprazole, but this was significant during the first two running periods only. Seven subjects reported heartburn, regurgitation and/or chest pain during exercise, irrespective of the intervention. Only a minority of the symptom periods was actually associated with acid reflux and in all cases this concerned periods with heartburn.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions: Running-induced acid reflux, but not symptoms, were decreased by omeprazole, probably because most symptoms were not related to acid reflux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00579.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of upscaling procedures in the application of soil acidification models at different spatial scales (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: scale ; aggregation ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Different soil acidification models have been developed for use on different scales, i.e. NUCSAM for the local scale, RESAM for the regional (national) scale and SMART for the continental scale. This paper focuses on the uncertainties associated with scale transfer by a simpler model description by (i) temporal aggregation of process descriptions, (ii) neglection of processes associated with vertical aggregation of soil layers and (iii) the use of less detailed formulations of processes (process aggregation) and by spatial aggregation of input data. Results obtained for simulations in acid (sandy) soils indicate that (i) temporal aggregation and process aggregation have a limited impact on the long-term (decades) annual response of soil solution chemistry to atmospheric deposition, (ii) vertical aggregation mainly affects predictions of solutes which show a strong concentration gradient with depth and (iii) spatial aggregation hardly affects the average output for a given forest/soil combination. However, ignoring the variability in input parameters, largely affects the frequency distribution of model outputs in a region. Results imply that model simplification is an adequate step in the upscaling of modelling results from a local to a regional scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009744429062
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Atmospheric Deposition of Non-Acidifying Substances on the Quality of European Forest Soils and the North Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 357-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; deposition ; heavy metals ; persistent organic pollutants ; soil quality ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the pilot study ESQUAD the impact of atmospheric deposition of three heavy metals (cadmium, copper and lead) and two persistent organic pollutants (benzo(a)-pyrene and lindane) on the quality of European soils and seawater has been calculated. Calculations have been made of atmospheric transport and deposition using a detailed emissions database for Europe. This enabled deposition maps to be produced to a resolution of approximately 50 km. The distribution of pollutant concentrations in forest soils was calculated for each grid cell using a database of soil property parameters in Europe. For the North Sea, a model was used to map long-term concentrations in water and sediment, which are due to atmospheric deposition and other, non-atmospheric sources. The model calculations allowed detailed comparisons of deposition fluxes and concentrations of the substances studied with critical loads and environmental quality threshold values, including critical loads. Although significant uncertainties were identified, the study gives insight in how threshold exceedance rates in Europe relate to pollutant type, threshold type, environmental compartment and chemophysical phase (adsorbed, dissolved). For all pollutants and for all compartments exceedances were calculated for at least some of the quality thresholds that were chosen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005083425852
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the Exposure and Loads of Acidifying and Eutrophying Pollutants and Ozone, as well as their Harmful Influence on the Vitality of the Trees and the Speulder Forest Ecosystem as a Whole (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 539-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; assessment ; eutrophication ; Speulder forest ; vitality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the Dutch Priority Program on Acidification, 10 yr of research was conducted in a Douglas fir stand at Speulder forest. Research was conducted to establish the loads and levels of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants and ozone, to determine forest vitality characteristics and follow growth parameters and nutrient status in time and to determine the effects of reduction of loads and levels by manipulation experiments. Results indicate that during the last 20 yr critical levels for air pollutants have hardly been exceeded except for ozone, which slightly affected assimilation. Elevated nitrogen deposition has caused several adverse effects including (i) inhibited mycorrhizal development, leading to a decreased base cation and phosphorus uptake; (ii) elevated foliage/root (fine and coarse) ratios, making the forest more sensitive to drought and windthrow; (iii) elevated nitrogen and arginine concentrations in the foliage, associated with relative base cation and phosphorus deficiency, and (iv) elevated nitrate leaching polluting the groundwater. High inputs of acidity have caused elevated ratios of Al to base cations, affecting fine root (uptake) and depletion of the readily available Al pool, thus affecting the long-term sustainability. Despite these effects, forest vitality, in terms of defoliation/discoloration, is reasonable and forest growth even increased in response to nitrogen. The exceedances of critical loads for nitrogen and acidity, however, implies a (large) risk for the long-term sustainability of the Speulder forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004961610700
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition, Nutrient Cycling and Soil Weathering on the Sustainability of Nine Forest Ecosystems (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 101-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium depletion ; critical loads ; forest stands ; modelling ; nutrient cycling ; silicate weathering ; soil acidification ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the impact of acid deposition on the long-term sustainability of nine oak, pine and spruce stands on sandy to loamy sandy parent material in Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands, a dynamic soil acidification model (ReSAM) was applied. Two deposition scenarios for the period 1990–2090 were used: a business as usual scenario (BAU) and a restrictive critical load scenario (CL). The BAU scenario leads to a strong decrease in both Al concentrations and pH in the topsoil of the Dutch and the Danish sites due to a decrease in the amount of amorphous Al compounds. The decline in pH leads to an enhanced release of base cations by silicate weathering. Despite the ongoing acidification, base saturation increases during the simulation period, due to both the increase in base cation weathering and an increased input from mineralization with the ageing of the tree stands. No change in Al concentration is predicted for northern Sweden as deposition levels are below critical loads. Soil chemistry at the recently replanted Swedish sites is dominated by changes in N cycling instead of by deposition. The CL scenario leads, especially after 2010, to a stronger decline in Al concentration compared with the BAU scenario, which is mainly caused by a reduction of the acid input. Up to 2010, a considerable acid input to the soil system is maintained as N supply is larger than the consumption of N by the trees. Despite the reduction of the deposition of S and N to critical loads, the readily available cation pools are still declining on the Danish and Dutch sites in 2090. It is concluded that deposition levels above critical loads lead to exhaustion of the pool of amorphous Al compounds and a decline in pH. Base saturation does not decline due to an increase in mineralization with stand age and an increase in weathering rate due to the decline in pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005004227821
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