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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elimination of hillock formation in Al interconnects using Ni or Co (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 625-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of using bilayer Ni/Al-1%Cu or Co/Al-1%Cu metallization stacks with regard to hillock formation is investigated in this study and compared to hillock suppression capabilities of Al-1%Si and Al-1%Cu single layer films and Ti/Al-1%Cu bilayer metallization stacks. Various heat treatments during and immediately after depositions were used to study the resistances of different metallization stack specimens to hillock formation. The densities and sizes of hillocks were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, while interfacial reactions between the transition metal layer and Al-1%Cu in the metallization stack were examined using glancing angle x-ray diffraction. Resistivities of the bilayer metallization stacks were characterized using conventional four-point probe measurements. Our studies indicate that metallization processes involving bilayer metallization stacks of nickel and cobalt with Al-1%Cu are more robust compared to those involving titanium with Al-1%Cu. The mechanism of hillock formation is analyzed in light of intermetallic compound formation and stress-strain considerations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370776
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real time measurement of plasma position in the SINP tokamak (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 4130-4135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An electronic hardware has been developed for the real time determination of the position of the plasma column in the SINP tokamak. The method is based on the Fourier integration of the poloidal magnetic field using cos θ and sin θ coils. The spurious pickups in these coils due to time varying magnetic fields have been explained by a model as being due to eddy currents in the vacuum vessel and the conducting shell. These pickups have been compensated in the hardware by simulating the effects of the eddy currents by linear networks. This diagnostic provides outputs proportional to the horizontal and vertical displacements of the plasma column at three toroidal locations simultaneously. An output proportional to the plasma current is also available. Performance evaluation shows that for both plasma current and displacements, the hardware outputs are in good agreement with the values computed by software. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149258
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of highly conductive n-type μc-Si:H films at low power for device applications (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5713-5720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Highly conductive phosphorus-doped n-type hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) films have been prepared by the usual (13.56 MHz) radio-frequency glow discharge of silane (SiH4), phosphine (PH3), and hydrogen (H2) in an ultrahigh-vacuum deposition system. The highest conductivity of the films obtained in this study is 100 S cm−1 after optimizing the hydrogen dilution ratio, chamber pressure, substrate temperature, and doping concentration of phosphorus. The formation of microcrystallinity in the material has been studied by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray-diffraction studies, and Raman spectroscopy. The volume fraction of microcrystallinity in these amorphous-microcrystalline mixed-phase materials has been estimated from Raman spectra. Sizes of the crystallites and volume fraction of microcrystallinity vary with hydrogen dilution, chamber pressure, and substrate temperature. The variations in the properties with deposition parameters have been explained in terms of the growth kinetics. The n-type μc-Si:H thin film, thus developed, has been applied in the first cell of a double-junction amorphous silicon solar cell. The prepared p-i-n–p-i-n stacked cell employing the n-type μc-Si:H film has exhibited appreciable improvement in open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency compared to the one with amorphous n layer in the inner n–p contact. Degradation of the cells prepared with and without μc-n layer has been studied. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359631
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ac conduction in conducting poly pyrrole-poly vinyl methyl ether polymer composite materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 2646-2650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Composite materials containing conducting polypyrrole and insulating poly (vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) have been synthesized by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in ethanol using FeCl3 oxidant in the presence of PVME. The ac conductivity measurements have been carried out in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 MHz and in the temperature range of 110 to 350 K. The frequency dependent conductivity has been explained on the basis of a small polaron tunnelling mechanism. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363929
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of bloom in a tropical lake: grazing efficiency of some herbivorous fishes (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using a limnocorral study, Microcystis grazing by silver carp, bighead and tilapia was examined in an eutrophic shallow lake permanently infested with a Microcystis bloom. Twelve fingerlings of each fish species were introduced into the limnocorrals placed in the lake, in triplicate, and their grazing effects were examined over a period until the limnocorral bloom declined substantially and remained unchanged. Introduction of fish, regardless of species, into the limnocorrals resulted in sharp reductions (60–93%) of the initial Microcystis population on day 3 or 7. Maximum gross and net clearance of Microcystis were by silver carp followed by bighead and tilapia. Short-term high retention of Microcystis by tilapia indicated that the clearance effect did not last long due to a high rate of defaecation of undigested Microcystis. Nearly 6–180% nutrient enrichment of the limnocorrals was attributable to the defaecation of test fishes suggesting their ichthyoeutrophication potentials, which were in the following order: tilapia〉bighead〉silver carp. It is concluded that silver carp is most suitable for clearing Microcystis in the lake because of its minimal ichthyoeutrophication effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00104.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3-(o-Carboxyphenyl)-1-methyltriazene 1-Oxide (1997)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 1657-1658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270197006537
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    4-Heptamethyleneimino-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (1999)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 252-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270198012128
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The twisted structure of 9-(4-cyanophenyl)carbazole (1999)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 1299-1300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270199005752
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on sigmatropic rearrangements: Thermal rearrangement of 3-(meta-substituted aryloxymethyl) coumarins (1997)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 128 (1997), S. 641-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 3-Chloromethyl coumarin ; Sigmatropic rearrangement ; Sigmatropic shift ; NBS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erhöhter Temperatur reagieren die 3-meta-substituierten Aryloxymethylcumarine3a–e und3g–k über eine sigmatrope Umlagerung zu den hydroxylierten 3-Benzylcumarinen4a–e und4g–k. Methylierung der 3-chlorsubstituierten Benzoylcumarine4a,4m und4n, gefolgt von Oxidation mit N-Bromsuccinimid, ergibt die 3-chlorsubstituierten Benzoylcumarine8a,8m und8n.
    Notes: Summary At elevated temperatures, the 3-(meta-substituted aryloxymethyl) coumarins3a–e and3g–k undergo sigmatropic rearrangements to give the hydroxylated 3-benzylcoumarins4a–e and4g–k. Upon methylation and subsequent oxidation with N-bromo succinimide, the 3-(chlorosubstituted benzyl) coumarins4a,4m and4n afford 3-(chlorosubstituted benzoyl) coumarins8a,8m, and8n.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00807595
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a Speckle Interferometer and the Measurement of Fried's Parameter (ro) at the Telescope Site (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental astronomy 9 (1999), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Keywords: image reconstruction ; interferometer ; seeing ; speckle imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new optical speckle interferometer for use at the 2.34 meter Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT), at Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO), Kavalur, India, has been designed and developed. Provisions have been made for observation both at the prime focus (f/3,25), as well as at the Cassegrain focus (f/13) of the said telescope. The technical details of this sensitive instrument and the design features are described. An interface between the telescope and the afore-mentioned interferometer is made based on a concept of eliminating the formation of eddies due to the hot air entrapment. The performances of this instrument has been tested both at the laboratory, as well as at the Cassegrain end of the telescope. It is being used routinely to observe the speckle-grams of close-binary (separation 〈 1 arc second) stars. The size of the Fried's parameter, ro, is also measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008057218328
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