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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the solar wind (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 4154-4160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low frequency fluctuations in the solar wind magnetic field and plasma velocity are often highly correlated, so much so that the fluctuations may be thought of as originating near the Sun as nearly perfect Alfvén waves. Power spectra of these fluctuations from 10−7 Hz to several Hz to suggest that the medium is turbulent. Near 1 AU, fluctuations below 10−5 Hz have a relatively flat slope (∼−1) and contain most of the energy in the fluctuating fields. From 10−5 Hz to ∼0.1 Hz, the spectra exhibit a power law inertial range similar to that seen in ordinary fluid turbulence. At the highest frequencies, the rapid fall-off of the power suggests that strong dissipation is occurring. From in situ measurements, it is clear that the fluctuations emanate from the solar corona. The turbulent cascade appears to evolve most rapidly in the vicinity of velocity shears and current sheets. Numerical solutions of both the compressible and incompressible equations of magnetohydrodynamics in both Cartesian and spherical geometry corroborate this interpretation. There are conflicting interpretations of observations suggesting that much of the power in magnetic field fluctuations resides in quasi-two-dimensional structures and simulations have helped to elucidate some of these issues. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873680
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements on rotating ion cyclotron range of frequencies induced particle fluxes in axisymmetric mirror plasmas (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2947-2954 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A comparison of phenomenological features of plasmas is made with a special emphasis on radio-frequency induced transport, which are maintained when a set of two closely spaced dual half-turn antennas in a central cell of the Phaedrus-B axisymmetric tandem mirror [J. J. Browning et al., Phys. Fluids B 1, 1692 (1989)] is phased to excite electromagnetic fields in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) with m=−1 (rotating with ions) and m=+1 (rotating with electrons) azimuthal modes. Positive and negative electric currents are measured to flow axially to the end walls in the cases of m=−1 and m=+1 excitations, respectively. These parallel nonambipolar ion and electron fluxes are observed to be accompanied by azimuthal ion flows in the same directions as the antenna-excitation modes m. The phenomena are argued in terms of radial particle fluxes due to a nonambipolar transport mechanism [Hojo and Hatori, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60, 2510 (1991); Hatakeyama et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60, 2815 (1991), and Phys. Rev. E 52, 6664 (1995)], which are induced when azimuthally traveling ICRF waves are absorbed in the magnetized plasma column. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872427
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical viewing of electron-cyclotron emissions for diagnosing fast-electron dynamics in TEXT-U : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 427-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A system for vertically observing the second-harmonic electron-cyclotron emissions from the TEXT-U tokamak in conjunction with fundamental electron-cyclotron heating is described. Using external collection optics and heterodyne receivers, measurements of the distribution function can be performed over two-thirds of the plasma radius and on transport time scales. Observations are typically of electrons with energy E〈100 keV and either steep or shallow pitch angle, depending upon the toroidal viewing angle relative to the plasma current. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146368
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The manipulation of grass swards for summer-calving dairy cows (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 50 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two experiments examined the effects of different defoliation treatments in spring on sward morphology and animal performance in mid-season and late season. Three treatments were applied in both experiments: Control (C), sward grazed by cows in spring to 6–8 cm grass height. Grazed Aftermath (GA). sward grazed by cows in spring to 3–4cm and allowed to regrow before being grazed by summer-calving cows, Silage Aftermath (SA), sward not grazed in spring, but a primary cut taken and the sward allowed to regrow before being grazed by summer-calving cows. The aim of treatment GA was to produce a sward with a high tiller density and high intake characteristics to meet the forage intake requirements of continuously grazed summer-calving cows, without resorting to offering forage buffers. Experiment 1 was conducted in 1989 on a sandy loam soil and Experiment 2 in 1990 on a heavy loam soil.In both experiments the GA treatment led to high live tiller density and live: dead tiller ratios compared with the C and SA treatments. Differences in sward morphology were also detected by applying double normal distribution analyses to measurements of grass height. The GA treatment also increased sward herbage mass and, to a limited extent, herbage metabolizable energy and crude protein contents. The results from Experiment 1 suggested that these sward effects lead to increased herbage dry-matter intake (as estimated by the n-alkane technique) and milk yield in cows grazing the GA sward. However, in Experiment 2, where conditions for grass growth in mid-season were more favourable than in Experiment 1, the differences in sward morphology produced in spring were quickly lost in June and July. There were therefore no differences in herbage intake or milk yield in the second experiment. Herbage intakes (kgDMd−1± s.e.d) estimated in July for cows on treatments C, GA and SA were 11·0, 13·4, 10·1 ± 2·16 for Experiment 1 and 10·7, 11·1, 11·2 ± 2·32 for Experiment 2. Average milk yield (kgd−1± s.e.d.) for cows on treatments C, GA and SA were 26·1, 28·0, 25·6 ± 0·31 (Experiment 1) and 28·5, 27·3, 28·4 + 0·58 (Experiment 2).The results suggested that acceptable milk yields can be obtained from grazing summer-calving cows, without offering forage buffers, by applying high stocking rates (low grass heights) in spring. However, the benefits of this manipulation could be lost by lax grazing in mid-season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02337.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field-induced phase switching and electrically driven strains in sol-gel derived antiferroelectric (Pb,Nb)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 thin layers (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1171-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Tin-modified lead zirconate titanate thin layers were prepared by a sol-gel method. A room- temperature antiferroelectric (AFE) phase composition Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.58Sn0.42)0.96Ti0.04] 0.98O3 was prepared and examined for weak- and high-field dielectric properties as a function of temperature, with emphasis on field-induced AFE-ferroelectric (FE) switching characteristics. Thin layers processed with a lead oxide cover coat were found to be free of any secondary phases and showed improved properties. Room-temperature values of dielectric constant K'=390 and saturation polarization Ps=20 μC/cm2 were obtained with field-induced strains up to 0.15% in submicron grain structures. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360353
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Solar Wind (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 283-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.001435
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-activity relationships in the murine local lymph node assay for skin sensitization: α,β-diketones (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 41 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The biological activity of skin-sensitizing chemicals is related to their ability to react, either directly or after metabolic activation, with appropriate skin proteins. For direct acting electrophilic compounds, this ability can be modelled, using the RAI (relative alkylation index) approach, by a combination of electrophilicity and hydrophobicity parameters. Several structure-activity relationships based on this approach have been reported, but most of them cover guinea pig sensitization test data on what chemists would classify as relatively soft electrophilic chemicals. In the present work, an electrophilicity parameter based on Taft substituent constants is derived for hard electrophiles having a reactive carbonyl group, and is used to calculate RAI values for the analyis of sensitization test data obtained in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) for a series of α,β-diketones. The sensitization potential of these reactive hard electrophilic carbonyl compounds in the LLNA shows a good correlation with the RAI. Overall, the findings reaffirm our view that physical organic chemistry is the key to understanding why some chemicals sensitize more strongly than others, while some do not sensitize at all, and provide further evidence of the value of the LLNA for SAR studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06201.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of opioid solutions for patient-controlled epidural analgesia (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sixty patients took part in a randomised, double-blind study to compare the analgesic and side effects of three opioid-containing solutions for patient-controlled epidural analgesia following abdominal surgery. Patients in group 1 received a solution containing bupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 10μg. ml−1, group 2 bupivacaine 0.125% with diamorphine 125μg. ml−1, group 3 pethidine 2.5 mg. ml−1. All groups received 4 ml.h−1 background infusion and 3 ml boluses every 20 min if necessary. There were no significant differences between the groups in visual analogue scale pain scores (p = 0.537) or volumes of solution used at 24 h (p = 0.351) or 48 h (p = 0.105). Motor block was significantly higher in group 2 (p 〈 0.004) and pruritis occurred significantly less in group 3 (p 〈 0.05). We conclude that these three solutions produce equivalent analgesia but that pethidine 2.5 mg. ml−1 may be associated with fewer side effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb14993.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of the cardiac systemic side-effects of antihistamines: ebastine (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cardiac safety of ebastine, a long-acting, non-sedating antihistamine, has been thoroughly assessed in phase I–III clinical studies. Ebastine alone at the recommended doses of 10 mg and 20 mg has no clinically relevant effect on QTc interval in adults and in special patient populations (elderly, children or subjects with hepatic or renal impairment). Ebastine administered at 60 and 100 mg/day (3–5 times the maximum recommended dose) for 1 week had statistically significantly smaller effects (3.7 and 10.3 msec, respectively) on the QTc interval than terfenadine (18 msec) at three times the recommended dose (360 mg/day). The mean QTc interval prolongation observed with ebastine 100 mg/day was small and not clinically meaningful, although the results were statistically significant vs. placebo. The effect of ebastine 60 mg/day was not statistically different from placebo. Steady-state drug interaction studies demonstrated that the co-administration of ebastine 20 mg with ketoconazole or erythromycin produced significant increases in systemic exposure for ebastine, which were accompanied by small increases in QTc (approximately 10 msec above ketoconazole or erythromycin alone). Results from individual studies suggest that, when coadministered with ketoconazole, ebastine produces similar changes in QTc interval measurements compared to loratadine and cetirizine. Pooled data from clinical efficacy trials of ebastine 1–30 mg/day administered for 2–3 weeks showed no clinically relevant cardiac effects as assessed by serial electrocardiographs and Holter monitoring. The overall cardiac safety profile based on currently available information suggests that ebastine, like loratadine and cetirizine, has a lower potential for causing adverse cardiovascular effects than terfenadine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3200.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron–positron jets associated with the quasar 3C279 (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 395 (1998), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A long-standing question in extragalactic astrophysics is the composition of the relativistic jets of plasma that stream from the nuclei of quasars and active galaxies—do they consist of a ‘normal’ (electron–proton) plasma, or a ‘pair’ (electron–positron) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/26675
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