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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two Italian rice (Oryza sativa var. japonica) cultivars, Lido and Roma, were tested in the field for methane production, oxidation and emission. In two consecutive years, fields planted with the rice cultivar Lido showed methane emissions 24–31% lower than fields planted with the cultivar Roma. This difference was observed irrespective of fertilizer treatment. In contrast to methane emissions, differences in methane production or oxidation were not observed between fields planted with the two cultivars. Plant-mediated transport of methane from the sediment to the atmosphere was the dominating pathway of methane emission. During the entire vegetation period, the contribution of this pathway to total methane emission amounted to c. 90%, whereas the contribution of gas bubble release and of diffusion through the water column to total methane emission was of minor significance. Results obtained from transport studies of tracer gas through the aerenchyma system of rice plants demonstrated that the root–shoot transition zone is the main site of resistance to plant-mediated gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere. The cultivar Lido, showing relatively low methane emissions in the field, had a significantly lower gas transport capacity through the aerenchyma system than the cultivar Roma. Thus, the observed differences in methane emissions in the field between the cultivars Lido and Roma can be explained by different gas transport capacities. Apparently, these differences in gas transport capacities are a consequence of differences in morphology of the aerenchyma systems, especially in the root–shoot transition zone. It is, therefore, concluded that identification and use of high-yielding rice cultivars which have a low gas transport capacity represent an economically feasible, environmentally sound and promising approach to mitigating methane emissons from rice paddy fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-142.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, mycorrhization and drought on long-distance transport of reduced sulphur in young pedunculate oak trees (Quercus robur L.) (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown under nutrient non-limiting conditions for a total of 10–15 weeks at ambient CO2 concentration and 1100 μmol mol–1 CO2 either in the presence or the absence of the mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata. Half of the oak trees of these treatments were exposed to drought during final growth by suspending the water supply for 21 d. Mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 each enhanced total plant biomass per tree. Whereas additional biomass accumulation of trees grown under elevated CO2 was mainly attributed to increased growth of lateral roots, mycorrhization promoted shoot growth. Water deficiency reduced biomass accumulation without affecting relative water content, but this effect was more pronounced in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal trees. Elevated CO2 partially prevented the development of drought stress, as indicated by leaf water potential, but did not counteract the negative effects of water deficiency on growth during the time studied. Enhanced biomass accumulation requires adaption in protein synthesis and, as a consequence, enhanced allocation of reduced sulphur produced in the leaves to growing tissues. Therefore, allocation of reduced sulphur from oak leaves was studied by flap-feeding radiolabelled GSH, the main long-distance transport form of reduced sulphur, to mature oak leaves. Export of radiolabel proceeded almost exclusively in basipetal direction to the roots. The rate of export of radioactivity out of the fed leaves was significantly enhanced under elevated CO2, irrespective of mycorrhization. A higher proportion of the exported GSH was transported to the roots than to basipetal stem sections under elevated CO2 as compared to ambient CO2. Mycorrhization did not affect 35S export out of the fed leaves, but the distribution of radiolabel between stem and roots was altered in preference of the stem. Trees exposed to drought did not show appreciable export of the 35S radioactivity fed to the leaves when grown under ambient CO2. Apparently, drought inhibited basipetal transport of reduced sulphur at the level of phloem loading and/or phloem transport. Elevated CO2 seemed to counteract this effect of drought stress to some extent, since higher leaf water potentials and improved 35S export out of the fed leaves was observed in oak trees exposed to drought and elevated CO2 as compared to trees exposed to drought and ambient CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00337.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between atmospheric and pedospheric nitrogen nutrition in spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of NO2 fumigation on root N uptake and metabolism was investigated in 3-month-old spruce (Picea abics L. Karst) seedlings. In a first experiment, the contribution of NO2 to the plant N budget was measured during a 48 h fumigation with 100mm3m−3 NO2. Plants were pre-treated with various nutrient solutions containing NO2 and NH4+, NO3− only or no nitrogen source for 1 week prior to the beginning of fumigation. Absence of NH4+ in the solution for 6d led to an increased capacity for NO3− uptake, whereas the absence of both ions caused a decrease in the plant N concentration, with no change in NO3− uptake. In fumigated plants, NO2 uptake accounted for 20–40% of NO3− uptake. Root NO3− uptake in plants supplied with NH4+plus NO3− solutions was decreased by NO2 fumigation, whereas it was not significantly altered in the other treatments. In a second experiment, spruce seedlings were grown on a solution containing both NO2 and NH4+ and were fumigated or not with 100mm3m−3 NO2 for 7 weeks. Fumigated plants accumulated less dry matter, especially in the roots. Fluxes of the two N species were estimated from their accumulations in shoots and roots, xylem exudate analysis and 15N labelling. Root NH4+ uptake was approximately three times higher than NO3− uptake. Nitrogen dioxide uptake represented 10–15% of the total N budget of the plants. In control plants, N assimilation occurred mainly in the roots and organic nitrogen was the main form of N transported to the shoot. Phloem transport of organic nitrogen accounted for 17% of its xylem transport. In fumigated plants, neither NO3− nor NH4+ accumulated in the shoot, showing that all the absorbed NO2 was assimilated. Root NO3− reduction was reduced whereas organic nitrogen transport in the phloem increased by a factor of 3 in NO2-fimugated as compared with control plants. The significance of the results for the regulation of whole-plant N utilization is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00257.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactive effects of mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 on sulphur nutrition of young pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) trees (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown at ambient CO2 concentration and 650 μmol mol−1 CO2 in the presence and absence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata for a total of 22 weeks under nonlimiting nutrient conditions. Sulphate uptake, xylem loading and exudation were analysed in excised roots. Despite a relatively high affinity for sulphate (KM= 1.6 mmol m−3), the rates of sulphate uptake by excised lateral roots of mycorrhizal oak trees were low as compared to herbaceous plants. Rates of sulphate uptake were similar in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots and were not affected by growth of the trees at elevated CO2. However, the total uptake of sulphate per plant was enhanced by elevated CO2 and further enhanced by elevated CO2 and mycorrhization. Sulphate uptake seemed to be closely correlated with biomass accumulation under the conditions applied.The percentage of the sulphate taken up by mycorrhizal oak roots that was loaded into the xylem was an order of magnitude lower than previously observed for herbaceous plants. The rate of xylem loading was enhanced by mycorrhization and, in roots of mycorrhizal trees only, by growth at elevated CO2. On a whole-plant basis this increase in xylem loading could only partially be explained by the increased growth of the trees. Elevated CO2 and mycorrhization appeared to increase greatly the sulphate supply of the shoot at the level of xylem loading. For all treatments, calculated rates of sulphate exudation were significantly lower than the corresponding rates of xylem loading of sulphate. Radiolabelled sulphate loaded into the xylem therefore seems to be readily diluted by unlabelled sulphate during xylem transport.Allocation of reduced sulphur from oak leaves was studied by flap-feeding radiolabelled GSH to mature oak leaves. The rate of export of radioactivity from the fed leaves was 4–5 times higher in mycorrhizal oak trees grown at elevated CO2 than in those grown at ambient CO2. Export of radiolabel proceeded almost exclusively in a basipetal direction to the roots. From these experiments it can be concluded that, in mycorrhizal oak trees grown at elevated CO2, the transport of sulphate to the shoot is increased at the level of xylem loading to enable increased sulphate reduction in the leaves. Increased sulphate reduction seems to be required for the enhanced allocation of reduced sulphur to the roots which is observed in trees grown at elevated CO2. These changes in sulphate and reduced sulphur allocation may be a prerequisite for the positive effect of elevated CO2 on growth of oak trees previously observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00333.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and seasonal distribution of organic amendments affecting methane emission from Chinese rice fields (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Methane emission ; Wetland rice ; Fertilization ; Mitigation of greenhouse gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fertilizers on methane emission rates was investigated using an automated closed chamber system in Chinese rice fields (Human Province). Each of three experiments compared two fields treated with a first uniform fertilizer dose and a second fertilizer dose which was different for each of the two fields. The uniform fertilizer doses for both fields in each experiment comprised mineral (experiment 1), organic (experiment 2) and combined mineral plus organic components (experiment 3). In all three experiments the second fertilizer dose comprised organic amendments for field 1 and no organic amendments for field 2. The rate of increase in methane emission with a given amount of organic manure was found to depend on the total amount of organic manure applied. A single dose of organic manure increased the emission rates by factors of 2.7 to 4.1 as compared to fields without organic manure (experiment 1). In rice fields that had already been treated with organic manure, the application of a second dose of organic manure only slightly enhanced the emission rates in experiment 2 by factors of 1.1 to 1.5 and showed no detectable increase in experiment 3. The net reduction achieved by separation of organic and mineral fertilizers was maximized by concentrating the organic amendments in the season with low emission rates, i.e. early rice, and using exclusively mineral fertilizers on late rice when emission rates were generally higher. This distribution pattern, which was not associated with significant yield losses, resulted in an annual methane emission corresponding to only 56% of the methane emitted from fields treated with blended fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382511
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and seasonal distribution of organic amendments affecting methane emission from Chinese rice fields (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane emission ; Wetland rice ; Fertilization ; Mitigation of greenhouse gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fertilizers +on methane emission rates was investigated using an automated closed chamber system in Chinese rice fields (Hunan Province). Each of three experiments compared two fields treated with a first uniform fertilizer dose and a second fertilizer dose which was different for each of the two fields. The uniform fertilizer doses for both fields in each experiment comprised mineral (experiment 1), organic (experiment 2) and combined mineral plus organic components (experiment 3). In all three experiments the second fertilizer dose comprised organic amendments for field 1 and no organic amendments for field 2. The rate of increase in methane emission with a given amount of organic manure was found to depend on the total amount of organic manure applied. A single dose of organic manure increased the emission rates by factors of 2.7 to 4.1 as compared to fields without organic manure (experiment 1). In rice fields that had already been treated with organic manure, the application of a second dose of organic manure only slightly enhanced the emission rates in experiment 2 by factors of 1.1 to 1.5 and showed no detectable increase in experiment 3. The net reduction achieved by separation of organic and mineral fertilizers was maximized by concentrating the organic amendments in the season with low emission rates, i.e. early rice, and using exclusively mineral fertilizers on late rice when emission rates were generally higher. This distribution pattern, which was not associated with significant yield losses, resulted in an annual methane emission corresponding to only 56% of the methane emitted from fields treated with blended fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050097
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluxes and pools of methane in wetland rice soils with varying organic inputs (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 42 (1996), S. 163-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of methane emission rates and concentrations in the soil were made during four growing seasons at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, on plots receiving different levels of organic input. Fluxes were measured using the automated closed chambers system (total emission) and small chambers installed between plants (water surface flux). Concentrations of methane in the soil were measured by collecting soil cores including the gas phase (soil-entrapped methane) and by sampling soil solution in situ (dissolved methane). There was much variability between seasons, but total fluxes from plots receiving high organic inputs (16–24 g CH4 m−2) always exceeded those from the low input plots (3–9 g CH4 m−2). The fraction of the total emission emerging from the surface water (presumably dominated by ebullition) was greater during the first part of the season, and greater from the high organic input plots (35–62%) than from the low input plots (15–23%). Concentrations of dissolved and entrapped methane in the low organic input plots increased gradually throughout the season; in the high input plots there was an early-season peak which was also seen in emissions. On both treatments, periods of high methane concentrations in the soil coincided with high rates of water surface flux whereas low concentrations of methane were generally associated with low flux rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394048
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Black alder (Alnus Glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) trees mediate methane and nitrous oxide emission from the soil to the atmosphere (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 201 (1998), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alder ; Alnus glutinosa ; methane ; nitrous oxide ; trace gas flux
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three-year-old seedlings of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), a common European wetland tree species, were grown in native soil taken from an alder swamp. Fluxes of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) between the tree stem and the atmosphere were determined under controlled conditions. Both CH4 and N2O were emitted through the bark of the stem into the atmosphere when the root zone exhibited ‘higher-than-ambient’ CH4 and N2O gas mixing ratios. Flooding of the soil caused a decreased N2O emission but an increased CH4 efflux from the stem. Immediately after flooding of the soil, N2O was emitted from the seedlings' bark at a rate of 350 μmol N2O m-2 h-1 whereas CH4 flux could not be detected. After more than 40 days of flooding CH4 fluxes up to 3750 μmol CH4 m-2 h-1 from the stem were measured, while N2O emission had decreased below the limit of detection. Gas efflux decreased with increasing stem height and correlated with gas mixing ratios in the soil, indicating diffusion through the aerenchyma as the major path of gas transport. From these results it is assumed that woody species with aerenchyma can serve as conduits for soil-derived trace gases into the atmosphere, to date only shown for herbaceous plants. This, yet unidentified, ‘woody plant pathway’ contributes to the total greenhouse gas source strength of wetlands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004331521059
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane production capacities of different rice soils derived from inherent and exogenous substrates (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: methane production ; organic carbon ; Philippines ; rice soils ; subsoil ; substrate amendment ; temperature effect ; topsoil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane production rates were determined at weekly intervals during anaerobic incubation of eleven Philippine rice soils. The average production rates at 25 °C varied in a large range from 0.03 to 13.6 μg CH4 g(d.w. soil) -1d-1. The development of methane production rates derived from inherent substrate allowed a grouping of soils in three classes: those with instantaneous development, those with a delay of approximately two weeks, and those with a suppression of methane production of more than eight weeks. Incubation at 30 and 35 °C increased production capacities of all soils, but the grouping of soils was still maintained. The Arrhenius equation provided a good fit for temperature effects on methane production capacities except for those soils with suppressed production. Acetate amendment strongly enhanced methane production rates and disintegrated the grouping. However, the efficiencies in converting acetate to methane differed among soils. Depending on the soil, 16.5–66.7% of the added acetate was utilized within five weeks incubation at 25 °C. Correlation analyses of methane production (over eight weeks) and physico-chemical soil parameters yielded significant correlations for the concentrations of organic carbon (R2 = 0.42) and organic nitrogen (R2 = 0.52). Correlation indices could substantially be enhanced by using the enriched fraction of organic carbon (R2 = 0.94) and organic nitrogen (R2 = 0.77), i.e. the differential between topsoil and subsoil concentrations of the respective compounds. The enriched organic material in the topsoil corresponds to the biologically active fraction and thus represents a good indicator of methane production derived from inherent substrate. The best indicators of the conversion rate of acetate in different soils were pH-value (R2 = 0.56) and organic carbon content (R2 = 0.52). Apparently, soil properties affect methane production through various pathways. Inherent organic substrate represents a considerable source of methane in some soils and is negligible in others. Likewise, soils also differ regarding the response to exogenous substrate. Both mechanisms yield in a distinct spatial variability of methane production in rice soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004357411814
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