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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 95 (1998), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Key words Screening • Microtropia • Amblyopia • Cost-effectiveness • Public health ; Schlüsselwörter Siebtest • Mikrostrabismus • Amblyopie • Wirtschaftlichkeit • Gesundheitsökonomie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Pro Jahrgang sind in Deutschland ca. 750.000 Kinder auf visuelle Entwicklungsstörungen zu untersuchen, wofür die konventionellen U-Vorsorgeuntersuchungen nicht ausreichend effektiv sind. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, den wirtschaftlichen Nutzen für die Sozialgemeinschaft von Alternativen der Amblyopie- und der Mikrostrabismusfrüherkennung im Alter von 24–48 Monaten zu untersuchen. Methode: Es wurden 3 Vorsorgeoptionen modellhaft verglichen: Option 1, eine orthoptische Untersuchung, welche vor Ort, z. B. im Kindergarten, eingesetzt wird; Option 2, eine untersucherunabhängige, gerätegestützte objektive Methode, ebenfalls vor Ort; Option 3, eine augenärztliche Untersuchung in der Praxis. Die Kosten von Früherkennung, Nachuntersuchungen und Behandlung in den 3 Optionen wurden für Prävalenzen amblyogener Faktoren von 1 % (kosmetisch unauffälliges Schielen) und von 5 % (allgemeine Amblyopierate) berechnet. Der „Ertrag“ durch die Behandlung wurde als Vermeidung einer verdienstrelevanten MdE von 3 % bzw. 1 % ermittelt. Die Steuer- und Beitragsmehreinnahmen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung wurden eingesetzt, um die Kosten der Vorsorgeprogramme zu decken. Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen: Es wurden für die Optionen 1 und 2 günstige Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnisse gefunden. Die praxisbasierte Option 3 war dagegen weniger kosteneffektiv. Das Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnis fiel um so günstiger aus, je höher die Prävalenz war.
    Notes: Background and purpose: In Germany, 750,000 children are born per year who should be screened for developmental visual defects in the age range 24–48 months. However, the established pediatric screening program is not sufficient to prevent amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of alternatives for amblyopia and microtropia screening. Methods: Three options were compared: (1) an orthoptic screening carried out in the field, for instance in kindergartens, (2) an examiner-independent objective apparatus-based screening, and (3) a complete ophthalmological and strabismological examination carried out in a practice. The costs of screening, follow-up examinations and of the treatment were modelled for prevalences of 1 % (microtropia) and 5 % (amblyopia). The benefit due to treatment was calculated as the result of an avoided whole-person impairment of 3 % and 1 %. The income related, increased tax and health care payments were used to cover the costs. Results and conclusions: In options (1) and (2) there were favorable cost-effective ratios. The practice-based option 3 was economically less promising. The higher the prevalence was, the higher the resulting cost-effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 245 (1998), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Secondary dystonias ; Basal ganglia ; Neuroleptics ; Anticholinergics ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Secondary or symptomatic dystonias are (1) often accompanied by other neurological deficits, (2) begin suddenly at rest and occur at rest from the onset, (3) are associated with different hereditary and environmental causes. From an aetiological point of view, secondary dystonias can be caused by focal brain lesions of various origin, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and several drugs and chemicals that affect the basal ganglia, thalamus and brain stem. Furthermore, secondary (focal) dystonias can be caused by peripheral injury. In the following review, we will discuss epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, neuroimaging, neuropathology, clinical manifestation, clinical course and differential diagnosis of secondary dystonias. Therapeutic options are given depending on the aetiology and the topological type of dystonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Cardiac transplantation ; Sympathetic re-innervation ; Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ; Thallium-201 ; Dual-isotope technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac transplantation entails surgical disruption of the sympathetic nerve fibres from their somata, resulting in sympathetic denervation. In order to investigate the occurrence of sympathetic re-dnnervation, neurotransmitter scintigraphy using the norepinephrine analogue iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was performed in 15 patients 2–69 months after transplantation. In addition, norepinephrine content and immunohistochemical reactions of antibodies to Schwarm cell-associated S100 protein, to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and to norepinephrine were examined in 34 endomyocardial biopsies of 29 patients 1–88 months after transplantation. Anterobasal123I-MIBG uptake indicating partial sympathetic re-dnnervation could be shown in 40% of the scintigraphically investigated patients 37–69 months after transplantation. In immunohistochemical studies 83% of the patients investigated 1–72 months after transplantation showed nerve fibres in their biopsies but not positive reaction to norepinephrine. Significant norepinephrine content indicating re-dnnervation could not be detected in any biopsy. It was concluded that in spite of the lack of norepinephrine content there seemed to be immunohistological and scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic re-dnnervation. An explanation for this contradictory finding may be the reduced or missing norepinephrine storage ability compared to the restored uptake ability of regenerated sympathetic nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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