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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p53 polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 396 (1998), S. 531-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Storey and co-workers have reported data suggesting that individuals homozygous for arginine at residue 72 of p53 (p53Arg) are about seven times more susceptible to invasive cervical cancer than individuals who carry at least one proline at that position (p53Pro). These preliminary data ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/25040
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; diet ; male breast cancer ; obesity ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The etiology of male breast cancer is obscure, although an excess risk has been associated with Klinefelter syndrome, testicular disorders, benign breast disease including gynecomastia, use of exogenous estrogens, radiation, and a family history of male or female breast cancer. We conducted a case-control study to investigate risk factors further for breast cancer in men. Methods: Based on data from the 1986 National (United States) Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) of almost 20,000 deceased adults (age 25 years or over), we compared information obtained from next-of-kin interviews of 178 men who died of breast cancer with that of 512 male controls who died of other causes. Information was obtained on selected demographic and other factors, including diet, exercise, occupation, height and weight, and use of tobacco and alcohol. Results: Increased risks were found for men who were described by their next-of-kin as very overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.0). The risks associated with the three upper quartiles of body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht2) were 1.3, 1.6, and 2.3, respectively, with a significant dose-response relationship (P 〈 0.01). An excess risk was also associated with limited exercise (OR = 1.3, CI = 0.8-2.0). Consumption of red meat was associated with an increased risk, and consumption of fruits and vegetables with a decreased risk, although the trends were not significant. No association was found for tobacco or alcohol use, but an excess risk was associated with higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES) (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.0). Conclusions: Our study suggests that obesity increases the risk of male breast cancer, possibly through hormonal mechanisms, while dietary factors, physical activity, and SES indicators also deserve further investigation. Cancer Causes andd Control 1998, 269-275
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008869003012
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary factors and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 467-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control studies ; diet ; esophageal neoplasms ; raw fruit ; raw vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate dietary factors for squamous cell esophageal cancer and whether these factors may contribute to the five-fold higher incidence of this cancer in the black versus white population of the United States. Methods: Data from a food frequency questionnaire were analyzed for 114 white men and 219 black men with squamous cell esophageal cancer, and 681 white and 557 black male controls from three areas of the United States who participated in a population-based case-control study of esophageal cancer. Results: Protective effects were associated with intake of raw fruits and vegetables (odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.3 in both white and black men) and use of vitamin supplements (especially vitamin C; odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.4 in both races), with the frequency of consumption of raw fruits and vegetables and vitamin supplements being greater for white than black controls. In addition, elevated risks were associated with high versus low intake of red meat (OR=2.7 for blacks and 1.5 for whites) and processed meat (OR=1.6 for blacks and 1.7 for whites), with the levels of consumption being greater for black than white controls. Conclusions: In the United States, these dietary factors may contribute in part to the much higher incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black compared to white men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008861806923
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prospective study of menopausal hormones and risk of colorectal cancer (United States) (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 130-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Colorectal cancer ; hormone replacement therapy ; menopausal estrogens ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relation of colorectal cancer and its subsites with use ofmenopausal hormones was evaluated in the United States among 40,464postmenopausal women, 41 to 80 years of age, who initially volunteered for anationwide breast-cancer screening program and were followed for an averageof 7.7 years. Ever-use of menopausal hormones was not associated with risk oftotal colorectal cancers (relative risk [RR] = 0.99, 95 percent confidenceinterval [CI] = 0.79-1.2) or cancers of the colon (RR = 1.1, CI = 0.81-1.6)or rectum (RR = 1.1, CI = 0.59-1.9). Recent hormone users, however, had asmall nonsignificant reduction in risk of colorectal cancer (RR = 0.78, CI =0.55-1.1), which was most pronounced for distal colon (RR = 0.68, CI =0.29-1.6) and rectal tumors (RR = 0.64, CI = 0.24-1.7). No effect wasobserved for former hormone users, and risk generally did not vary by timesince last use, type of regimen, or duration of use. However, the reducedrisk for recent users was stronger for users of five or more years'duration. These data show some lowering of colorectal cancer risk amongrecent menopausal hormone users of long duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018455810238
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tobacco and alcohol use and oral cancer in Puerto Rico (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: alcohol drinking ; oral cancer ; Puerto Rico ; salivary gland cancer ; tobacco smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To determine risk for oral cancer in Puerto Rico associated with use of alcohol and tobacco. Methods: In Puerto Rico, alcohol and tobacco use were compared among nonsalivary gland cancers of the mouth and pharynx (n=342), cancers of major and minor salivary glands (n=25) and 521 population-based controls. Results: Alcohol (usual use, Ptrend〈0.0001 for men and Ptrend=0.02 for women) and tobacco (usual use, Ptrend〈0.0001, for both men and women) were strong independent risk factors for oral cancer in Puerto Rico, with a multiplicative effect from combined exposures. Risks did not vary systematically by use of filter vs. nonfilter cigarettes. Risks with use of other forms of smoked tobacco were about sevenfold among both men and women. Risks decreased only gradually after cessation of tobacco and alcohol use. Tobacco use, but not alcohol, was linked to cancers of the salivary glands. The burden of oral cancer due to alcohol and tobacco use in Puerto Rico (76% for men, 52% for women) agreed closely with earlier estimates for the mainland US population, while about 72% of salivary gland cancer (men and women, combined) was due to tobacco use. Conclusions: Excess risks for oral cancer in Puerto Rico are largely explained by patterns of alcohol and tobacco use. Smoking filter vs. nonfilter cigarettes does not alter risk, while cessation of alcohol and tobacco use appears to reduce risk only gradually.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008876115797
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High bladder cancer mortality in rural New England (United States): An etiologic study (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 361-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Bladder neoplasm ; case-control study ; etiology ; leather industry ; textile industry ; occupational exposure ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An interview study of next-of-kin of 325 persons who died of bladder cancer and 673 individuals who died of other causes in Vermont and New Hampshire (United States) was conducted to assess reasons for the persistent pattern of elevated bladder cancer mortality for both genders in rural New England. There was some evidence of elevated risks for both leather and textile workers that rose to over twofold for workers who also lived near these industries and for persons with French-Canadian ancestry. Occupational exposures in the textile and leather industry may explain at least a portion of the excess bladder cancer risk in rural New England.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051412
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a case-control study in Shanghai, China (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; case-control study ; China ; epldemiology ; pancreatic neoplasm ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cancer of the pancreas has been rising in incidence in Shanghai, China since the early 1970s. In 1987–89, this malignancy ranked eighth in cancer incidence among men and ninth among women in Shanghai. To examine risk factors for this tumor in urban Shanghai, a population-based case-control study was conducted. Cases (n=451) were permanent residents of Shanghai, 30 to 74 years of age, newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between 1 October 1990 and 30 June 1993. Deceased cases (19 percent) were excluded from the study. Controls (n=1,552) were selected among Shanghai residents, frequency-matched to cases by gender and age. Cases and controls were interviewed about their demographic background and potential risk factors, including tobacco, alcohol and beverage consumption, diet, and medical history. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models. Current cigarette smoking was associated with excess risk of pancreatic cancer in both men (OR=1.6, CI=1.1−2.2) and women (OR=1.4, CI=0.9−2.4). ORs increased significantly with number of cigarettes smoked per day, and with duration and packyears of smoking. Risk increased three-to sixfold among those in the highest categories of cigarette consumption, while risk decreased with increasing years since smoking cessation. Former smokers who stopped smoking for 10 or more years had risks comparable to nonsmokers. No association was found between alcohol use and pancreatic cancer. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, it was estimated that during the study period, nearly 25 percent of pancreatic cancer cases among men and six percent of cases among women could be attributed to smoking. Our findings add to the accumulating evidence linking smoking and pancreatic cancer, and suggest that the rising incidence of this malignancy in Shanghai may be related at least partly to the increasing prevalence of smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051413
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer following breast reduction surgery in Denmark (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; breast reduction surgery ; cohort study ; Denmark
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intuitively, breast tissue mass should be directly related to a woman'srisk of breast cancer, simply because having more cells at risk would seem toincrease the potential for malignant transformation. However, studiesattempting to link breast size with breast cancer risk have beeninconsistent. Limitations include crude measures of breast size, theinability to distinguish glandular from adipose tissue, and the confoundinginfluence of co-factors such as obesity. A nationwide study in Denmark wasundertaken to investigate the effect of breast reduction surgery on thesubsequent risk of breast cancer, including an evaluation of the patterns ofrisk by age and time since surgery. The Danish Hospital Discharge Registrywas used to identify women who underwent reduction mammaplasty between 1977and 1992. Linkage based on personal identification numbers with the DanishCancer Registry provided information on cancer incidence. Expected numbers ofcancers were calculated from rates in the general population. Among 7,720women whose breasts were surgically reduced, 182 cancers were subsequentlyobserved cf 209 expected (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 0.9; 95percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.7-1.0). Breast cancer was significantlyreduced by nearly 50 percent (29 observed cf 53.9 expected, SIR = 0.5, CI =0.4-0.8), and accounted for the overall deficit in cancer. The riskreductions were related inversely to age at surgery, with significantdeficits apparent only among women 40 years of age and older at surgery andespecially among those over age 50 (SIR = 0.3). No clear trend was apparentwith increasing years post-surgery. The findings indicate that breastreduction surgery among women over age 40 is associated with a lowersubsequent risk of breast cancer, but the surgery and presumably glandularmass appear less closely related to breast cancer risk among youngerwomen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018484616598
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer risk following polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cohort study ; Denmark ; dermatomyositis ; neoplasms ; polymyositis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (PM/DM) have been associated with cancer, although the long-term risks are poorly understood. To evaluate the risk of cancer by time periods subsequent to PM/DM diagnosis, a cohort of 539 patients hospitalized with PM/DM in Denmark between 1977 and 1989 was identified from the Danish Central Hospital Discharge Register. Cancer incidence among cohort members was ascertained by linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry using a unique personal-identification number. The overall cancer risk was elevated significantly among patients with DM (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]=3.8, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=2.6–5.4) and to a lesser extent PM (SIR=1.7, CI=1.1–2.4). Significant excesses were observed for cancers of lung, ovary, and lymphatic and hematopoietic system. However, the excess cancer incidence declined steadily with increasing years since initial diagnosis of PM/DM. The cancer risk was increased about sixfold (SIR=5.9, CI=3.8–8.7) during the first year, but was lower during the second year (SIR=2.5, CI=1.1–4.8), with no significant excesses in subsequent years of follow-up. These findings confirm that PM/DM may occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome that calls for steps aimed at early cancer detection and treatment. Among long-term survivors of PM/DM, however, there is little evidence to warrant extensive preventive and screening measures beyond those recommended for the general population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051675
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