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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Metalloprotein ; Type 3 copper center ; Tyrosinase ; Hemocyanin ; Oxygen binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  We purified two catechol oxidases from Lycopus europaeus and Populus nigra which only catalyze the oxidation of catechols to quinones without hydroxylating tyrosine. The molecular mass of the Lycopus enzyme was determined to 39 800 Da and the mass of the Populus enzyme was determined to 56 050 Da. Both catechol oxidases are inhibited by thiourea, N-phenylthiourea, dithiocarbamate, and cyanide, but show different pH behavior using catechol as substrate. Atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis found 1.5 copper atoms per protein molecule. Using EPR spectroscopy we determined 1.8 Cu per molecule catechol oxidase. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that catechol oxidase is a copper enzyme of type 3. The lack of an EPR signal is due to strong antiferromagnetic coupling that requires a bridging ligand between the two copper ions in the met preparation. Addition of H2O2 to both enzymes leads to oxy catechol oxidase. In the UV/Vis spectrum two new absorption bands occur at 345 nm and 580 nm. In accordance with the oxy forms of hemocyanin and tyrosinase the absorption band at 345 nm is due to an O2 2– (πσ*)→Cu(II) (d x2–y2 ) charge transfer (CT) transition. The absorption band at 580 nm corresponds to the second O2 2– (πv*)→Cu(II) (d x2–y2 ) CT transition. The UV/Vis bands in combination with the resonance Raman spectra of oxy catechol oxidase indicate a μ-η2 : η2 binding mode for dioxygen. The intense resonance Raman peak at 277 cm–1, belonging to a Cu-N (axial His) stretching mode, suggests that catechol oxidase has six terminal His ligands, as known for molluscan and arthropodan hemocyanin.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Selenoaldehyde complex ; Thioselonocarboxylic ester complexes ; Selenetane complex ; Dihydrodiselenine complex ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyltungsten-coordinated selenobenzaldehyde, [(CO)5W{Se=C(Ph)H}] (1), reacts with tBu-C≡C-SMe (2) by insertion of the C≡C into the Se=C bond to form in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner the α,β-unsaturated thioselonocarboxylic ester complex (Z)(C=C)-[(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(SMe)C(tBu)=C(Ph)H}] (3). The thioselonocarboxylic ester ligand is cleaved intact from the metal by treatment of 3 with [NEt4]Br. Three complexes are formed in the reaction of 1 with Me-C≡C-SMe (5): the thioselonocarboxylic ester complex [(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(SMe)C(Me)=C(Ph)H}] (6) as a mixture of the (E) and (Z)(C=C) isomers, a selenetane complex (7) and a dihydrodiselenine complex (8). The product distribution depends on the ratio 1:5 and on the solvent. The reaction of 1 with the bis(organylthio)alkynes RS-C≡C-SR (9) [R = Me (a), iPr (b), 2,6-C6H3Me2 (c)] yields mixtures of the (E) and (Z)(C=C) isomers of the α,β-unsaturated α-organylthio thioselonocarboxylic ester complexes [(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(SR)C(SR)=C(Ph)H)] (10a-c). In contrast, the reaction of 1 with tert-butoxyethyne, H-C≡C-OtBu (11), affords a bis(pentacarbonyltungsten) 5,6-dihydro-1,2-diselenine complex (12). Compound 12 is probably formed by consecutive reaction of 1 with 11 to give the selonocarboxylic ester complex [(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(OtBu)C(H)=C(Ph)H}] which then further reacts as a heterodiene by highly regioselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition with the Se=C bond of a second molecule of 1 to give 12. In the reaction of 1 with 5 and 9a the isomer with a trans arrangement of C(=Se)SMe and Ph is the kinetically controlled reaction product [(E)-6 and (Z)-10a, respectively]. The formation of (E)-6 and (Z)-10a is followed by isomerization until an (E)/(Z) equilibrium is reached. Complexes 3 and 7 were characterized by X-ray structural analyses.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 1475-1482 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Allenylidene complexes ; Alkynyl complexes ; Cyclobutenylidene complexes ; Cycloadditions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl(allenylidene)chromium and -tungsten, [(CO)5—M=C=C=CR2] (M=Cr, R=C6H4CH3-p(1a), C6H4OCH3 (1b); M=W, R=C6H4CH3-p (1c), react with the alkynyl complexes [Cp(CO)2Fe—C≡CR′] (R′ = nBu (2), Ph (4)), [Cp*(CO)2Fe—C≡CnBu] (6), [Cp(CO){P(OMe)3}-Fe—C≡CnBu] (8) and [Cp(PPh3)Ni—C≡CnBu] (10) by cycloaddition of the C≡C bond of the alkynyl complexes to the Cα=Cβ bond of the allenylidene ligand to give 3a-c), (5), (7), and respectively. The cycloaddition is highly selective. The spectroscopic data of these 1,3-heterobinuclear complexes indicate a delocalized π-system (M=Cr, W; Y=[Fe(CO)2Cp], [Fe(CO)(P{OMe}3)Cp], [Fe(CO)2Cp*], [Ni(PPh3)-Cp]). X-ray structural analyses of the compounds 3a, 9a, and 11c reveal a “butterfly” conformation of the four-membered ring. Its puckering angle is 142° (3a), 152° (9a), and 151° (11c). All Complexes exhibit a moderate to strong negative solvatochromic behavior. The extent of the solvatochromic effect depends on [(CO)5M] and Y and considerably decreases when C=CR2 is replaced by e.g. CMe2.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 479-488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Alkynes ; Coupling reaction ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylethylnyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CSiMe3] [M' = W (1a)] with KF/THFMeOH, nBuLi and transition metal halides, [XMLn], affords heterobimetallic propynyliden complexes of the type [(CO)5M'=C(N-Me2)C≡CMLn] [MLn = Ni(PPh3) Cp (4a, b). Ni(PMe2Ph)2- {Mes) (Mes=2,4,6-C6H2Me3) (5a), Rh(CO)(PPh3)2 (6a), Fe(CO)2Cp (7a,b)]. In contrast, reaction of 1a with MeLi · LiBr and [IFe(CO)2Cp] yields the novel N-metallated complex [(CO)5W=C{N(ME)Fe(CO)2Cp}C≡CSiMe3] (8a). The complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CMLn=Fe(CO)2Cp (7a, b), Ru(CO)2Cp (10a,b), Ru(CO)(PPh3)Cp (11a), Mn(CO)5 (12a), Re(CO)5 (13a)] are accessible by Pd-catalyzed coupling of the C-stannylated carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C-(NMe2)C≡CSnBu3] (9a, b) with [XMLn]. The related monomethylaminocarbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡ CSnBu3] (16a, b), obtained by stannylation of [(C))5M'=C(NHMe)C=CH] (15a, B) with Bu3SnNEt2, react with [IFe(CO)2Cp] to give the bimetallic complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (17a, b). The complexes 4a, 5a, 7a and 10a were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. The spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the two metal centers in 4-7, 10-13, and 17 interact only weakly.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thioaldehyde complexes ; Selenoaldehyde complexes ; Thietane complexes ; Selenetane complexes ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl(thiobenzaldehyde)tungsten und pentacarbonyl(selenobenzaldehyde)tungsten (1a and 1b) undergo a thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition with several vinyl ethers to give highly substituted transition metal-coordinated thietanes and selenetanes. The addition is highly regio- and stereospecific. The products undergo acid-catalyzed rearrangements, which lead to thermodynamically more stable diastereomers of the thietanes and selenetanes. The stereochemistry of both addition and rearrangement was established by reaction of deuterium-labeled vinyl ethers and by reaction of the cis and trans isomers of ethyl propenyl ether. The crystal structure of the bicyclic addition product of 1a and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran is reported.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Carbyne complexes ; Carbohydrates ; Diastereoselective addition ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic carbyne complexes [Cp(CO)2M≡CR]+ [BX4]- [M = Mn, X = F: R = Ph (1), Tol (2); M = Re, X = 3,5-C6H2(CF3)2: R = Ph (3)] add the anion of monodeprotonated protected mannofuranose (4a), glucofuranose (4b), and fructopyranose (4c) to the carbyne carbon atom to form the carbohydratocarbene complexes 5a-c, 6a, b, and 7a. With 5b, 5c, and 6b the addition proceeds with retention of configuration at the anomeric center. Due to inversion of configuration in the deprotonation step the complexes 5a, 6a, and 7a are obtained as β-glycosides. The carbene ligand is oxidatively cleaved from the metal by trimethylamine N-oxide or air. Cleavage of the C(carbene)—O bond with reformation of the cation of the carbyne complex 2 is achieved by reaction of 6a with BCl3. Photolysis of [Cp(CO)2Mn=C(Ph)OEt] in the presence of L affords the carbene complexes [Cp(CO)(L)Mn=C(Ph)OEt] [L = P(OMe)3 (11), P(Tol)3 (12)]. Ethoxide abstraction from 11 and 12 by BF3 gives the chiral cationic carbyne complexes [Cp(CO)(L)Mn=CPh]+[EF4]- (13, 14) which add 4a to form the corresponding mannofura-nosylcarbene complexes (15, 16). When 0.5 equivalents of 4a are employed in the reaction with 13, 14 the ratio of diastereomers is 3:2, both for 15 and 16. Complex 11 was characterized by an X-ray structural analysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thioaldehyde complexes ; Dithioester complexes ; Selenothiono ester complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyltungsten-coordinated thiobenzaldehyde, [(CO)5W{S=C(Ph)H}] (1), reacts with 1-methylthio-1-propyne, 1-ethylseleno-1-propyne, and alkoxyethynes by insertion of the C=C into the S=C bond to form in a highly regio-and stereoselective manner the α,β-unsaturated dithio, selenothiono, and thionocarboxylic ester complexes (E)(C=C)-[(CO)5W{η1-S=C(XR′)C(R)=C(Ph)H}] (3) (R = Me: XR′ = SMe (a), SeEt (b); R = H: XR′ = OEt (c), OtBu (d)). The analogous reaction of 1 with bis(alkylthio)ethynes affords mixtures of the (E) and (Z)(C=C) isomers of [(CO)5W{η1-S=C(SR)C(SR)=C(Ph)H}] (6) [R = Me (a), tBu (b)]. The Z isomers are the initially formed products. Formation of (Z)-6 is followed by Z → E isomerization until an equilibrium [E/Z = 1 (6a), 1.5 (6b)] is obtained. For R = tBu isomerization is significantly faster than for R = Me. The dithio and thiono ester ligands can be cleaved intact from the metal by treatment with [NEt4]Br as shown by the examples of 3a, 3c, and 6a. Complex 3c has been characterized by an X-ray structural analysis.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1063-1067 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complex ; Carbene complexes ; Bridging ligands ; Coupling reaction ; Alkynes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(ethynyl)carbene complex [(CO)5 W=C(NMe2)C≡CH] (1) with nBuLi, CuI and BrC≡CSiMe3 affords the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylbutadiynyl)carbene [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡C—SiMe3] (2). Desilylation of 2 with KF/THF/MeOH gives [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡CH] (3). The C-stannylated carbene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡CSnBu3] (4) is obtained by deprotonation of 3 with nBuLi and subsequent reaction with Bu3SnCl. Pd-catalyzed coupling of complex 4 with [ClRu(CO),Cp] affords the heterobimetallic pentadiynylidene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe,)C≡C—C≡CRu-(CO)2Cp] (5) The analogous Fe derivative [(CO),W=C(NMe,)C≡C—C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (6) is obtained by sequential reaction of 3 with nBuLi and [IFe(CO)2Cp] Similarly, treatment of 3 first with nBuLi and then with half an equivalent of HgCl2 affords the novel C4HgC4-bridged biscarbene complex [(CO)3W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡CHgC≡C—C≡CC(NMe2)=W(CO)5]( 7 ) All new compounds are stable at room temperature. Spectroscopic data suggest weak interaction of the metal centers in 5 - 7.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 615-622 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Vinylidene complexes ; Cyclobutenylidene complexes ; Tetrahydroindenes ; Thioether complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl(pentamethylenevinylidene)chromium, [(CO)5Cr=C=C(CH2)5] (1), reacts with 1-methylthio-1-propyne (2a) and N-(1-propynyl)phenothiazine (2b) by regio-specific addition of the C=C bond of the alkyne to the C=C bond of the vinylidene ligand of 1. Initially, complexes with a spirocyclic cyclobutenylidene ligand are formed, [(CO)5Cr=(CH2)5] (3) and [(CO)5-Cr=(CH2)5] (10). Subsequent thermally initiated ring expansion affords the 2-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl(methyl)thioether complex [(CO)5-Cr-S(Me)(Me-C9H10)] (4) and the N-(2-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)phenothiazine complex [(CO)5Cr-S(C6H4)2-N-(Me-C9H10)] (11), respectively. In both complexes, 4 and 11 the ligand is coordinated to the metal via the sulfur atom. The constitutions were established by (H,H)-, (H,C)- and NOE-correlated NMR spectroscopy. In the reaction of 1 with 2a, in addition to 3 and 4, the methyl(propynyl)thioether complex [(CO)5Cr-S(Me)C≡CMe] (5) was formed. An isolable 3-methylthio-substituted cyclobutenylidene complex, [(CO)5Cr=Ph2] (9) was obtained from [(CO)5Cr=C=CPh2] (8) and 2a. The 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenylthioether ligand of 11 was cleaved from the metal by exposure of 11 adsorbed on silica gel to air or by treatment of 11 with [NEt4]Br in dichloromethane.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Carbyne complexes ; Carbohydrates ; Diastereoselective substitution ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The substitution of PR3 (R = C6H4CH3-p, C6H4Cl-p, C6H11,OCH3) for a CO ligand in chiral carbohydratocarbene complexes [(η5-C5H5)(CO)2Mn=C(OR*)Ph] [OR* = α- (1α) and β-mannofuranosyl (1β), (-)-menthyloxy (9)] proceeds diastereoselectively. The diastereoselectivity depends on PR3 and on the OR* substituent and ranges from 12% de (R = OCH3) to 80% (R = C6H4CH3-p). In contrast, the reaction of 1β with P(OPh)3 is non-selective. The diastereoselectivity generally increases with increasing nucleophilicity of PR3 and decreases in the series 1β 〉 1α 〉 9. The highest diastereoselectivity was observed in the reaction of 1β with P(C6H4CH3-p)3. Predominantly, the isomer with the (S) configuration at the metal [(S Mn)-2β] was formed which could be separated from the diastereomeric mixture by chromatography and be obtained in a pure form. Subsequent reaction of (SMn)-2β with BF3 afforded the carbyne-manganese complex (SMn)-[(η5-C5H5){P(C6H4CH3-p)3}(CO)Mn≡CPh]BF4.
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