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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D7 ( 1999-04-20), p. 8429-8440
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D7 ( 1999-04-20), p. 8429-8440
    Abstract: Emission inventories for major reactive tropospheric Cl species (particulate Cl, HCl, ClNO 2 , CH 3 Cl, CHCl 3 , CH 3 CCl 3 , C 2 Cl 4 , C 2 HCl 3 , CH 2 Cl 2 , and CHClF 2 ) were integrated across source types (terrestrial biogenic and oceanic emissions, sea‐salt production and dechlorination, biomass burning, industrial emissions, fossil‐fuel combustion, and incineration). Composite emissions were compared with known sinks to assess budget closure; relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources were differentiated. Model calculations suggest that conventional acid‐displacement reactions involving S (IV) + O 3 , (IV) + O 3 H 2 O 2 , and H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 scavenging account for minor fractions of sea‐salt dechlorination globally. Other important chemical pathways involving sea‐salt aerosol apparently produce most volatile chlorine in the troposphere. The combined emissions of CH 3 Cl from known sources account for about half of the modeled sink, suggesting fluxes from known sources were underestimated, the OH sink was overestimated, or significant unidentified sources exist. Anthropogenic activities (primarily biomass burning) contribute about half the net CH 3 Cl emitted from known sources. Anthropogenic emissions account for only about 10% of the modeled CHCl 3 sink. Although poorly constrained, significant fractions of tropospheric CH 2 Cl 2 (25%), C 2 HCl 3 (10%), and C 2 Cl 4 (5%) are emitted from the surface ocean; the combined contributions of C 2 Cl 4 and C 2 HCl 3 from all natural sources may be substantially higher than the estimated oceanic flux.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100084
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vertical profiles of bromoform in snow, sea ice, and seawater in the Canadian Arctic
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 102, No. C11 ( 1997-11-15), p. 25073-25083
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. C11 ( 1997-11-15), p. 25073-25083
    Abstract: Bromoform (CHBr 3 ) was measured in vertical profiles from the snow surface through the snowpack, sea ice, and water column to the seafloor at Resolute Bay, Canada, in the spring of 1992. Elevated concentrations of bromoform were observed in both the ice (32–266 ng L −1 by liquid water volume) and seawater (∼20 ng L −1 ) at the ice‐water interface, associated with bromoform emission from ice microalgae. A surprising finding was a second horizon of high bromoform concentrations (336–367 ng L −1 ) in sea ice at the snow‐ice interface. Chlorophyll and salinity were also elevated in this upper ice layer, although chlorophyll was much lower than in the basal ice microalgal layer. We speculate that this upper bromoform‐enriched layer may have originated from scavenging of the surface water layer by frazil ice during initial ice formation in the preceding autumn. Equally unexpected was the occurrence of yet higher bromoform concentrations in snowpack immediately overlying the sea ice (492–1260 ng L −1 ), declining in concentration (by about a factor of 2 or more) toward the snow surface. Snow of very recent origin, however, contained as little as 2 orders of magnitude less bromoform than the older snowpack. Possible origins for elevated bromoform in the snowpack include diffusion out of the bromoform‐enriched upper ice layer and gradual concentration of bromoform out of the atmosphere by adsorption on to ice crystals. These are considered in turn. In one scenario, photolysis of bromoform from snow is considered, which might help account for atmospheric bromine‐ozone chemistry. The possible contributions from snow, sea ice, and seawater to atmospheric bromoform levels during both the winter and spring are also considered, and it is concluded that surface seawater presents the most significant reservoir for atmospheric bromoform.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JC01860
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biogenic bromine production in the Arctic
    Elsevier BV ; 1997
    In:  Marine Chemistry Vol. 56, No. 3-4 ( 1997-3), p. 181-192
    Details
    In: Marine Chemistry, Elsevier BV, Vol. 56, No. 3-4 ( 1997-3), p. 181-192
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0304-4203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4203(96)00070-9
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dimethyl sulfide in the Arctic atmosphere
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 100, No. D12 ( 1995-12-20), p. 26093-26104
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. D12 ( 1995-12-20), p. 26093-26104
    Abstract: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide, non‐sea‐salt sulfate, and various aerosol properties were measured during three field programs (two airborne and one ground‐based) near Barrow and Deadhorse (Prudhoe Bay), Alaska. The two airborne sampling programs took place in spring and early summer, and the ground‐based measurements spanned an entire summer. DMS concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere ranged from a few parts per trillion by volume (pptv) in spring and fall to higher values in summer (generally a few tens of pptv with occasional peaks of 100 to 300 pptv). In addition, DMS concentrations were measured during the spring near Resolute in seawater below the ice and in ice‐algae and kelp cultures. The seawater samples taken from below the ice in spring had DMS concentrations comparable to those in other oceanic regions. Taken together, these measurements show that the Arctic Ocean is potentially a substantial source of DMS, which likely becomes important as sea ice melts in the early summer. Local atmospheric concentrations increased throughout the summer, peaking in August. In regions where accumulation mode aerosols have been scavenged (e.g., by low‐level stratus clouds, which are common during the Arctic summer), evidence of rapid new particle production was observed. The seasonal cycle of atmospheric DMS closely resembles that of fine particles observed at Barrow, Alaska, and Alert, Northwest Territories, Canada. This finding indicates that DMS is likely an important precursor to the types of particles that dominate the background arctic aerosol in summertime. These results, together with those from several recently published studies of arctic aerosol, are combined to yield a consistent picture of the role of locally emitted DMS in the production of atmospheric aerosols in the Arctic in summer.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD02374
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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