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  • chlorinated compound  (5)
  • Rats  (4)
  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-specific biotransformation of ormaplatin in the Fischer 344 rat (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 36 (1995), S. 439-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Ormaplatin ; Biotransformation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the intracellular biotransformation products of ormaplatin [(d,l-trans)1,2-diamino-cyclohexanetetrachloroplatinum(IV)] (formerly called tetraplatin) in liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, and plasma of the adult male Fischer 344 rat. Previous studies have established that the rank order of ormaplatin toxicity in Fischer 344 rats is spleen≈gastro-intestinal tract〉kidney≫liver. Animals were given tritium-labelled drug i.v. at 12.5 mg/kg, and tissues were harvested 30 min later. The kidney was found to concentrate total and cytosolic platinum to a greater extent than any of the other tissues. The absolute amount of cytosolic platinum, in micrograms per gram tissue, that was irreversibly bound to protein and/or other macromolecules was also greatest in the kidney. However, when the amount bound was expressed as a percentage of the total cytosolic platinum, the kidney was significantly lower than any other tissue. Of the various low molecular mass platinum biotransformation species characterized, by far the most abundant were complexes of platinum with the sulfur-containing molecules cysteine, methionine, and glutathione (GSH). There was more of the methionine complex in the blood plasma than in any of the tissues except for the spleen. No significant differences among the tissues were detected for the dichloro, cysteine, methionine, or the GSH complexes. The tritium-labelled diamino-cyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand appeared to remain stably bound to the platinum while in the plasma, as there was less free DACH ligand detected in plasma ultrafiltrate than in any tissue ultrafiltrate. Among the tissues, the free DACH levels were in the range of 20% of the radioactivity recovered from the HPLC column and were not significantly different. Consequently, neither biodistribution nor tissue-specific biotransformation of ormaplatin provides a ready explanation for the tissue specificity of ormaplatin toxicity in Fischer 344 rats. However, in kidney there was much less of the reactive PtCl2(DACH) species than has previously been reported for the corresponding Pt(NH3)2Cl2 species in cisplatin-treated rats. Thus, these data suggest a possible explanation for differences in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin versus that by ormaplatin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686194
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-specific biotransformation of ormaplatin in the Fischer 344 rat (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 36 (1995), S. 439-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Ormaplatin ; Biotransformation ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the intracellular biotransformation products of ormaplatin [(d,l-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetrachloroplatinum(IV)] (formerly called tetraplatin) in liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, and plasma of the adult male Fischer 344 rat. Previous studies have established that the rank order of ormaplatin toxicity in Fischer 344 rats is spleen ≈ gastrointestinal tract 〉 kidney ≫ liver. Animals were given tritium-labelled drug i.v. at 12.5 mg/kg, and tissues were harvested 30 min later. The kidney was found to concentrate total and cytosolic platinum to a greater extent than any of the other tissues. The absolute amount of cytosolic platinum, in micrograms per gram tissue, that was irreversibly bound to protein and/or other macromolecules was also greatest in the kidney. However, when the amount bound was expressed as a percentage of the total cytosolic platinum, the kidney was significantly lower than any other tissue. Of the various low molecular mass platinum biotransformation species characterized, by far the most abundant were complexes of platinum with the sulfur-containing molecules cysteine, methionine, and glutathione (GSH). There was more of the methionine complex in the blood plasma than in any of the tissues except for the spleen. No significant differences among the tissues were detected for the dichloro, cysteine, methionine, or the GSH complexes. The tritium-labelled diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand appeared to remain stably bound to the platinum while in the plasma, as there was less free DACH ligand detected in plasma ultrafiltrate than in any tissue ultrafiltrate. Among the tissues, the free DACH levels were in the range of 20% of the radioactivity recovered from the HPLC column and were not significantly different. Consequently, neither biodistribution nor tissue-specific biotransformation of ormaplatin provides a ready explantation for the tissue specificity of ormaplatin toxicity in Fischer 344 rats. However, in kidney there was much less of the reactive PtCl2(DACH) species than has previously been reported for the corresponding Pt(NH3)2Cl2 species in cisplatin-treated rats. Thus, these data suggest a possible explanation for differences in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin versus that by ormaplatin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686194
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food-deprivation increases cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in rats (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 131 (1997), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Conditioned place preference ; Locomotor activity ; Reward ; Food-deprivation ; Weight-reduction ; Cocaine ; Reinforcement ; Sensitization ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Food-deprivation increases the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine and other drugs within self-administration experiments. In this study, the effects of food-deprivation on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of two feeding conditions: satiated (with ad libitum food) or deprived (maintained at 80% of free-feeding body weights). During conditioning trials, on alternate days, rats received IP injections of cocaine (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg; n=12 per dose group) and were confined for 30 min in one of two distinct environments. On intervening days, the same rats were injected with saline and confined for 30 min in the opposite environment. After four cocaine and four saline trials, a 15-min choice test (with no injections) was given. During this time, the rats were able to move freely through a passageway between both environments. Relative to the food-satiated rats, the food-deprived rats showed a greater conditioned preference for the cocaine-paired environment during the choice test, greater cocaine-induced locomotor activity during conditioning trials, and a greater degree of sensitization to the activating effects of cocaine across conditioning trials. This study extends the general findings of food deprivation-induced increases in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine to include the conditioned place preference paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050258
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of neuropeptide Y, insulin, 2-deoxyglucose, and food deprivation on food-motivated behavior (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 120 (1995), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Insulin ; 2-Deoxyglucose ; Food deprivation ; Motivation ; Reinforcer efficacy ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The current study demonstrates the ability of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to increase break points under a progressive ratio 1 (PR1) reinforcement schedule. An initial response resulted in delivery of a food reinforcer (45 mg pellet) under the PR1, and an additional response was required foreach successive reinforcer. The break point, the number of responses emitted to obtain the last reinforcer, is considered a measure of reinforcing efficacy or motivational strength of the food reinforcer. NPY (0.3–10 µg) significantly increased break point to levels comparable to those produced by 36–48 h of food deprivation. Although insulin (3–8 U/kg) and 2-deoxyglucose (150–250 mg/kg) also increased food intake, neither increased break points to levels produced by NPY or food deprivation. These data suggest that NPY may change the value of food in ways that cannot be accounted for by changes in insulin, glucose levels or intracellular glucoprivation. These results emphasize that simply measuring the amount of freely available food eaten is not a fully adequate measure of the strength of the feeding behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02311173
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Trichloroethylene (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 467-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; trichloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on trichloroethylene (TRI) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 19 studies for fish, 30 studies for invertebrates and 14 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 150 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.1 µg TRI/l water and a worst case PEC of 3.5 µg TRI/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 40 to 1,500 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern for food chain accumulation is expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006066600350
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 447-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; marine ; environmental ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,1,2-trichloroethane (T112) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 22 studies for fish, 45 studies for invertebrates and 9 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 300 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.01 µg T112/l water and a worst case PEC of 5 µg T112/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 60 to 30,000 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006014616279
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Chloroform (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 401-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on chloroform was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 23 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 10 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a typical PNEC value of 72 µg/l. Due to limitations of the studies evaluated, a worst PNEC of 1 µg/l could also be used. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg chloroform per litre of water and a worst case PEC of 5 to 11.5 µg chloroform per litre of water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 6 to 360 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentrations. A worst case ratio, however, points to a potential risk for sensitive species. Refinement of the assessment is necessary by looking for more data. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006010515371
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Tetrachloroethylene (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 489-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; tetrachloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on tetrachloroethylene (PER) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 18 studies for fish, 13 studies for invertebrates and 8 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 51 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuary waters and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg PER/l water and a worst case PEC of 2.5 µg PER/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 20 to 250 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006018717188
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - 1,2-Dichloroethane (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 425-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; 1,2-dichloroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 21 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 7 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 1100 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.5 µg EDC/l and a worst case PEC of 6.4 µg EDC/l. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 170 to 2200 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006062532209
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