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  • AMS (American Meteorological Society)  (4)
  • AGU (American Geophysical Union)  (3)
  • Kiel : Inst. f. Meereskunde
  • 1995-1999  (7)
  • 1
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    The Volunteer Observing Ship and Future Ocean Monitoring (1995)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76 (1). pp. 5-11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Widespread and sustained in situ ocean measurements are essential to an improved understanding of the state of the ocean and its role in global change. Merchant marine vessels can play a major role in ocean monitoring, yet apart from routine weather observations and upper-ocean temperature measurements, they constitute a vastly underutilized resource due to lack of suitable instrumentation. Examples of ways in which vessels can assist include profiling techniques of physical properties, chemical sampling via automated water samplers, optical techniques to measure various biological parameters, and ground truth measurements for remote sensing from orbiting and geostationary satellites. Further, ships can act as relays between subsurface instrumentation and satellite communication services. To take advantage of the opportunities that the maritime industry can provide, two steps must be taken. The first is to initiate an instrumentation development program with emphasis on techniques optimized for highly automated use onboard ships at 15-20-kt speeds. The second is to forge partnerships or links between academic and government laboratories and the maritime industry for the institution and maintenance of such monitoring programs. No doubt significant resources will be required, but in the long run the improved ability to monitor the state of ocean in situ will make the effort more than worthwhile.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076〈0005:TVOSAF〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Isopycnal and Diapycnal Mixing at the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (1995)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (8). pp. 1771-1787.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-05
    Description: The Cape Verde Frontal Zone separates the North and the South Atlantic Central Waters in the eastern North Atlantic. It also represents the boundary between the ventilated subtropical gyre and the quasi-stagnant shadow zone in the southeast. The thermohaline front is nearly compensated with respect to density, and density parameters RP, suggest the existence of double-diffusive processes. Datasets from three cruises to the region, approximately one year apart each, are used to determine the effects of double-diffusive diapycnal versus isopycnal mixing. For this purpose results from the usual temperature-salinity analysis assuming isopycnal mixing are compared to results from a multiparameter analysis where nutrient and oxygen data are also used. Significant diapycnal fluxes are found in the frontal zone between 200 and 300 m, with water mass contents being changed by more than 20% through diapycnal mixing. The associated buoyancy fluxes have a similar magnitude as surface fluxes in the area and thus represent an important contribution to the vertical balances of heat and salt.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025〈1771:IADMAT〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Energy conversion in the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (1998)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103 (C10). 21,469-21,479.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Description: Mechanical energy terms are calculated from moored current meter data in the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (about 20°N, 25°W) and compared with those derived from a mesoscale model of this frontal region. The model is of the Bleck and Boudra [1981] type with isopycnal coordinates. An initially zonal jet, representing the Canary Current, is allowed to develop under the influence of baroclinic and barotropic instability processes. We find reasonable agreement in magnitudes, somewhat smaller in the model, and similar distributions in the vertical. This leads to the conclusion that the energy transfer terms from the model can be expected to be sufficiently close to reality. Determination of the transfer terms confirms that the energy transfer in the zone is dominated by baroclinic instability processes while barotropic instability is of minor importance. Average baroclinic instability energy transfer terms reach values of 2–3 μW m−3 in the pycnocline. Peak layer mean values are of the order 10 μW m−3. It is shown that the spatial distribution of active transfer regions is closely related to the structure of the transient eddy field in the frontal zone and that strong instability processes are restricted to the pycnocline.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/98JC01887
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Antarctic Bottom Water Flow through the Hunter Channel (1999)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29 (11). pp. 2785-2801.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The Rio Grande Rise acts as a natural barrier for the equatorward flow of Antarctic Bottom Water in the subtropical South Atlantic. In addition to the Vema Channel, the Hunter Channel cuts through this obstacle and offers a separate route for bottom-water import into the southern Brazil Basin. On the occasion of the Deep Basin Experiment, a component of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the expected deep flow through the Hunter Channel was directly observed for the first time by an array of moored current meters and thermistor chains from December 1992 to May 1994. Main results are (i) the Hunter Channel is, in fact, a conduit for bottom-water flow into the Brazil Basin. Our new mean transport from moored current meters [2.92 (±1.24) × 106 m3 s−1] is significantly higher than earlier estimates that were based on geostrophic calculations. (ii) During the WOCE observational period a tendency toward increased bottom-water temperatures was observed. This observation from the Hunter Channel is consistent with findings from the Vema Channel. (iii) The overflow through the Hunter Channel is highly variable and puts in perspective earlier synoptic geostrophic transport estimates
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029〈2785:ABWFTT〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Path of the North Atlantic Deep Water in the Brazil Basin (1998)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103 (C3). pp. 5419-5428.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Description: Recent hydrographic sections and high-quality historical data sets are used to determine geostrophic currents at subtropical latitudes in the western basin of the South Atlantic. Levels of no motion are determined from water mass information and a mass balance constraint to obtain the transport field of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in this region. The incoming NADW transport of about 20 Sv from the north at 19 degrees S appears to be balanced by only one third of this transport leaving in the south and two thirds leaving to the east or northeast at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A simple model is proposed to determine the cause of the NADW branching. It is shown that potential vorticity preservation in the presence of topographic changes leads to a similar flow pattern as observed, with branching near the Vitoria-Trindade-Ridge and also an eastward turning of the southward western boundary current at about 28 degrees S, the latitude where a balance of planetary vorticity change and stretching can be expected.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/97JC03287
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Meridional transport of dissolved inorganic carbon in the South Atlantic Ocean (1998)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12 (3). pp. 479-499.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-15
    Description: The meridional oceanic transports of dissolved inorganic carbon and oxygen were calculated using six transoceanic sections occupied in the South Atlantic between 11 degrees S and 30 degrees S. The total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) data were interpolated onto conductivity-temperature-depth data to obtain a high-resolution data set, and Ekman, depth-dependent and depth-independent components of the transport were estimated. Uncertainties in the depth-independent velocity distribution were reduced using an inverse model. The inorganic carbon transport between 11 degrees S and 30 degrees S was southward, decreased slightly toward the south, and was -2150 +/- 200 kmol s(-1) (-0.81 +/- 0.08 Gt C yr(-1)) at 20 degrees S. This estimate includes the contribution of net mass transport required to balance the salt transport through Bering Strait. Anthropogenic CO2 concentrations were estimated for the sections. The meridional transport of anthropogenic CO2 was northward, increased toward the north, and was 430 kmol s(-1) (0.16 Gt C yr(-1)) at 20 degrees S. The calculations imply net southward inorganic carbon transport of 2580 kmol s(-1) (1 Gt C yr(-1)) during preindustrial times. The slight contemporary convergence of inorganic carbon between 10 degrees S and 30 degrees S is balanced by storage of anthropogenic CO2 and a sea-to-air flux implying little local divergence of the organic carbon transport. During the preindustrial era, there was significant regional convergence of both inorganic carbon and oxygen, consistent with a sea-to-air gas flux driven by warming. The northward transport of anthropogenic CO2 carried by the meridional overturning circulation represents an important source for anthropogenic CO2 currently being stored within the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/98GB01533
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Circulation and Variability at the Southern Boundary of the Brazil Basin (1999)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29 . pp. 145-157.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: As a contribution to the WOCE Deep Basin Experiment, an array of current meters with individual record lengths exceeding ii years was set across the southern boundary of the Brazil Basin between early 1991 and early 1996. The array spanned the Santos Plateau, the Vema Channel, and the Hunter Channel, all areas believed to be important for transport of Antarctic Bottom Water between the Argentine and Brazil Basins. From the combination of geostrophic velocities computed from hydrographic stations and those directly measured, the total transport of bottom water (potential temperature below 2 degrees C) is estimated to be about 6.9 Sv (Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) northward, with about 4 Sv coming through the Vema Channel and the remainder through the Hunter Channel. Properties of the eddy field are also discussed. Eddy energy levels and their spatial distribution are similar to comparable regimes in the North Atlantic. Integral timescales vary from a few days to several weeks with distance from the Brazil Current and the western boundary. The eddy heat Bur is in the same direction as the heat advection by the mean flow but considerably smaller.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029〈0145:CAVATS〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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