Note: COVER -- APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: Principles and Practice -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PLATES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE EMERGENCE OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- INTRODUCTION: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND EVERYDAY LIFE -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY -- DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- ATMOSPHERIC CONCERN AND AWARENESS -- CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 1: APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: THE 'TOOLS' OF RESEARCH -- 2 GROUND AND REMOTELY SENSED MEASUREMENTS -- INTRODUCTION: DATA REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES -- A COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION -- THE OLD-STYLE INSTRUMENTS -- THE NEW GENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- INTRODUCTION: THE VALUE OF STATISTICS -- TIME SERIES ANALYSIS -- SPATIAL ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 CLIMATE MODELS -- INTRODUCTION: MODELLING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM -- GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS -- CLIMATE IMPACT MODELS -- INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELS -- CLIMATE MODEL EVALUATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION: ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- CURRENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS -- INTEGRATION OF AIR ISSUES -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 2: CLIMATE AND THE PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 6 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND WATER RESOURCES -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 GLACIERS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND GLACIERS -- GLACIER TYPES: PHYSICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS. , GLACIERS: CONSTITUENT ZONES AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- THE CONVERSION OF SNOW TO GLACIER ICE AND THE ROLE OF CLIMATE -- GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY -- CLIMATE AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND LANDFORMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 SOILS -- INTRODUCTION: SOIL CLIMATE -- THE SOIL -- THE SOIL ATMOSPHERE -- SOIL CLIMATE -- CLIMATE AND SOIL GEOGRAPHY -- SOILS AND THE GREENHOUSE GASES -- EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 VEGETATION -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND VEGETATION -- VEGETATION COMMUNITIES IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TODAY -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IN THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 ANIMAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND LIFE -- ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE -- BIOCLIMATIC ZONES -- CLIMATIC INSTABILITY -- SOURCES OF ENERGY -- BIOCHEMICAL ACCLIMATIZATION -- ECTOTHERMY AND ENDOTHERMY -- THE ECTOTHERM WAY -- THE ENDOTHERM WAY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 3: CLIMATE AND THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 12 COMFORT, CLOTHING AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION: HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT -- HOMEOTHERMY AND ADAPTATION -- THE HUMAN ENERGY BALANCE -- THERMAL STRESS ESTIMATES -- THE CLOTHING ENVELOPE -- THERMAL COMFORT -- ACCLIMATIZATION -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 TOWN PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -- HOT, HUMID CLIMATES -- HOT, ARID CLIMATES -- COLD CLIMATES - POLAR REGIONS -- OTHER CLIMATES -- APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE, INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. , LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES -- INDUSTRY OPERATION -- CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS -- COMMERCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15 TRANSPORT SYSTEMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT SERVICES -- AIR TRANSPORT -- RAIL TRANSPORT -- ROAD TRANSPORT -- WATER TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 16 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES -- INTRODUCTION: NATURE AND RATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- CLIMATIC FACTORS REGULATING CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- RESPONSES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES -- CROP PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CLIMATE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- FISHERIES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 17 FORESTRY -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND FORESTS -- CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABLE FORESTS -- DYNAMICAL PERCEPTIONS -- SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 18 RECREATION AND TOURISM -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE-LEISURE INTERACTIONS -- WEATHER AND LEISURE PARTICIPATION -- WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR THE TOURIST INDUSTRY -- CLIMATE CHANGE, TOURISM AND RECREATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 19 POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPACTS -- POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- SOCIAL ASPECTS -- LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 THE ENERGY SECTOR -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND ENERGY SUPPLY -- WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY -- ENERGY RESOURCES -- TRANSPORTATION OF ENERGY -- ENERGY CONVERSION -- ENERGY DEMAND -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 4: THE CHANGING CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- 21 URBAN CLIMATES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF URBAN CLIMATES -- IMPACTS OF URBAN CLIMATES ON GEC -- IMPACTS OF GEC ON URBAN CLIMATE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 22 AIR POLLUTION -- INTRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIZATION OF AIR POLLUTION -- GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. , CONTINENTAL-SCALE POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- URBAN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 23 CLIMATIC EXTREMES AS A HAZARD TO HUMANS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC EXTREMES, HAZARDS AND DISASTERS -- IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 24 CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORY AND THE FUTURE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND HUMAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES -- INTO THE MEDIEVAL OPTIMUM -- INTO THE LITTLE ICE AGE -- POST·1850 CLIMATIC AMELIORATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 5: OVERVIEW -- 25 CONCLUSIONS AND SYNTHESIS -- INTRODUCTION: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES REASSESSED -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RESPONSES OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- THE MONETARY IMPACT AND VALUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: The text for this NetLibrary eBook was obtained from the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center , Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: The text for this NetLibrary eBook was obtained from the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center , Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- List of plates -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The tundra plovers: an introduction -- 2 Tundra plovers and their allies -- 3 Taxonomy and geographical variation -- 4 Plumages and moults -- 5 Phylogeny and biogeography -- 6 Breeding distribution, population trends and status -- 7 Breeding season: breeding schedules and nesting -- 8 Breeding season: social behaviour -- 9 Breeding season: sex roles and parental behaviour -- 10 Migration and non-breeding distributions -- 11 Behaviour and ecology in the non-breeding season -- 12 Diet: food and feeding -- 13 Associations with other birds -- 14 Conservation -- Appendix 1: Scientific names of birds and mammals mentioned in the book -- Appendix 2: Plumage variation in Eurasian Golden Plovers in Norway -- Appendix 3: Descriptions of plumages of the tundra plovers -- Appendix 4: The phylogeny of the tundra plovers -- Appendix 5: Breeding densities in different parts of the world -- Appendix 6a: Nest site habitats of Grey Plover -- Appendix 6b: Nest site habitats of Eurasian Golden Plover -- Appendix 6c: Nest site habitats of Pacific Golden Plover -- Appendix 6d: Nest site habitats of American Golden Plover -- Appendix 7: Duration of incubation -- Appendix 8: Sequences of tonal element in trills -- Appendix 9: Breeding season alarm calls -- Appendix 10: Geographical and temporal distribution of museum specimens used in the construction of migration routes and phenologies -- Appendix 11: Geographical distribution of references used for the migration charts and winter distribution maps -- Appendix 12: Numbers of Grey Plovers counted or estimated in various parts of their wintering range -- Appendix 13: Winter populations of Eurasian Golden Plovers in parts of their range. , Appendix 14: Numbers of American Golden Plovers counted in winter on aerial surveys along the coasts of South America -- References -- Tables -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Proficiency Testing in Analytical Chemistry -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Proficiency Testing in the Context of Valid Analytical Measurement -- 1.1 What is Proficiency Testing? -- 1.2 Importance of Valid Analytical Measurements -- 1.3 The VAM Proficiency Testing Project -- 1.4 The Origin and Development of Proficiency Testing -- CHAPTER 2 The Role of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Quality Assurance -- 2.1 Objectives of Proficiency Testing -- 2.2 Aspects of Analytical Quality Assessed in Proficiency Testing -- 2.3 The Applicability of Proficiency Testing -- 2.4 The Relationship of Proficiency Testing to Other Forms of Analytical Quality Assurance -- 2.5 The Limitations of Proficiency Testing -- CHAPTER 3 Performance Scoring in Proficiency Testing - An Overview -- 3.1 The Statistical Distribution of Participants' Results -- 3.2 Approaches to Performance Scoring -- 3.3 Choice of Assigned Value -- 3.4 Choice of Target Value of Standard Deviation -- 3.5 Combination of Scores -- 3.5.1 The Rescaled Sum of z-Scores (RSZ) -- 3.5.2 The Sum of Squared z-Scores (SSZ) -- 3.6 Classification of Participants -- 3.7 Ranking of Participants -- CHAPTER 4 Organisation of Proficiency Testing Schemes - General and Management Aspects -- 4.1 Competence of Scheme Organisers -- 4.2 Scheme Objectives -- 4.3 Proficiency Tests and Other Interlaboratory Studies -- 4.4 Resources Required to Operate a Scheme -- 4.5 Essential Features of an Effective Scheme -- 4.6 Additional Features of a Scheme Based on VAM Principles -- 4.7 Participant Numbers -- 4.8 Costs of Scheme Organisation and Setting Fees -- 4.9 Liaison with Potential Participants -- 4.10 Advisory Committee -- 4.11 Higher Level Quality Body -- 4.12 Procedures for the Review of Scheme Operation -- 4.13 Certification of Schemes to External Quality Standards -- 4.14 Ethical Issues. , CHAPTER 5 The Organisation of Proficiency Testing Schemes - Technical Aspects -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Essential Properties of Proficiency Test Materials -- 5.2.1 Homogeneity -- 5.2.2 Stability -- 5.2.3 Similarity to Routine Test Materials -- 5.3 Preparation of Proficiency Test Materials -- 5.4 Numbers and Nature of Test Materials -- 5.5 Homogeneity of Test Materials -- 5.6 Stability of Test Materials -- 5.7 Packaging and Dispatch of Test Materials -- 5.8 Frequency of Testing -- 5.9 Instructions to Participants -- 5.10 Use of Computer Disks by Participants for Reporting Results -- 5.11 Reporting Back to Participants -- 5.12 Assessing Participant Performance -- 5.13 Establishing the Assigned Value -- 5.13.1 Use of Certified Reference Materials -- 5.13.2 Consensus of Expert Laboratories -- 5.13.3 Formulated or 'Synthetic' Test Materials -- 5.13.4 Consensus of Participants -- 5.14 Procedure for Establishing a Consensus -- 5.15 Uncertainty of the Assigned Value -- 5.16 Setting the Target Value for Standard Deviation -- 5.17 Performance Scores -- 5.18 Classification of Performance -- 5.19 Ranking of Participants -- 5.20 Uncertainties of Measurement on Submitted Results -- CHAPTER 6 Participation in Proficiency Testing Schemes by Analytical Laboratories -- 6.1 Benefits of Proficiency Testing -- 6.2 Costs of Proficiency Testing -- 6.3 Existing Schemes -- 6.4 Practical Approach to be Adopted by Participants -- 6.5 Internal Review of Performance -- 6.6 Participant Input to Scheme Design -- 6.7 Formal Recognition of Participation -- 6.8 Integration of Proficiency Testing with Other Quality Assurance Measures -- CHAPTER 7 Proficiency Testing for End-users of Analytical Data -- 7.1 The Function of Proficiency Testing -- 7.2 Fitness for Purpose -- 7.3 Quality Procedures Necessary for Reliable Data. , 7.4 How Proficiency Testing Can Help in the Selection of Reliable Laboratories -- 7.5 Interpretation of Laboratory Performance in a Proficiency Testing Scheme -- 7.6 Resource Implications of Proficiency Testing to End-users -- 7.7 Accreditation Agencies -- 7.8 Role of End-users in Scheme Organisation -- CHAPTER 8 Proficiency Testing - The Future -- Glossary of Terms and Acronyms -- Appendix 1: Eurachem-UK Register of Proficiency Testing Schemes -- Appendix 2: Proficiency Testing Schemes Taking Part in the VAM Survey -- Appendix 3: Examples of Performance Reports Issued by PT Scheme Organisers -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- The Contributors -- An Overview of Indian Research Efforts on Marine Wood-boring and Fouling Organisms -- Living Attached: Aufwuchs, Fouling, Epibiosis -- Natural Antifouling Compounds from Marine Organisms: A Review -- Succession in Microfouling -- Chemical Cues in Marine Invertebrate Larval Settlement -- Biofouling Control: Current Methods and New Approaches with Emphasis on Power Plant Cooling Water Systems -- Microfouling Bacteria -- Marine Microfouling Algae: The Diatoms -- Sponges -- Hydroids -- Sea Anemones -- Serpulids -- Amphipods -- Barnacles -- Mussels and Oysters -- Ascidians -- Organism Index.