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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3869-3871 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We calculate the torque on a magnetic moment with arbitrary orientation in a solid and use it to calculate the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) of bulk materials by integrating the torque along an angular path connecting the easy and hard magnetization directions. We apply this approach to the calculation of the MAE of elemental ferromagnets Ni and Fe using a tight-binding model with an added spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) term λSOL⋅S. The MAE for both Fe and Ni is computed for a wide range of values of the SOC strength. Our results for the MAE calculated with the torque method agree with the MAE determined from energy differences. The convergence rate as a function of k-vector needed for integrating over the Brillouin zone for the torque method is comparable to the convergence rate of conventional energy difference schemes. We compare the calculated torque as function of angle to the lowest order term in the expansion in anisotropy constants. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 599-601 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Diffractive transmission x-ray optics, e.g., zone plates and gratings, are well suited for x-ray microscopy and spectroscopy. X-ray optics for use at short wavelengths require high zone aspect ratios which can be obtained by alternately depositing two materials with different x-ray scattering properties on a microwire. The roughness and the diffusion inherent to this process influence the diffraction efficiency of these optics. Using coupled wave theory, it is shown that roughness and interdiffusion increase the structure height required for optimal diffraction efficiency compared to ideally smooth structure profiles. In addition, the maximum obtainable diffraction efficiency decreases with increasing root-mean-square roughness and interdiffusion. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 1805-1807 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-resolution x-ray microscopy makes use of nanostructured diffractive optics such as Fresnel zone plates made of nickel. These micro zone plates are manufactured using microscopic galvanoforms and electrodeposition techniques. Copolymer galvanoforms for nickel micro zone plates were irradiated with high doses of x-ray radiation to increase the degree of cross-linking of the copolymer network; in this way, exact pattern replication in the galvanoform was obtained for zone aspect ratios of up to 8:1. Using these galvanoforms, nickel micro zone plates were produced for the soft x-ray wavelength λ=2.4 nm, with smallest zone widths of 30 nm and 40 nm, achieving first-order diffraction efficiencies of up to 13% and 20%, respectively. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 2242-2244 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The coupled wave theory is applied to calculate the diffraction efficiency of zone plates used in high orders of diffraction. In contradiction to the existing understanding about 30%–50% of the incident intensity can be diffracted by a single high order if the line-to-space ratio of the zone structures is in the range of 0.1–0.5 and the aspect ratios are larger than 30:1. Highly efficient diffractive transmission x-ray optics with high numerical apertures and resolving power can be developed without manufacturing extremely small zones which are necessary for zone plates used in the first order. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 21 (1970), S. 499-536 
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 93 (1971), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Samenblasenzysten ; Nierenagenesie ; Langzeitverlauf ; Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Key words Seminal vesicle cysts ; Renal agenesis ; Long-term results ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Congenital seminal vesicle cysts associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia are rare malformations. Even though they are more often diagnosed today due to the introduction of advanced, sectional imaging techniques as CT and MRI, no reliable data about the prevalence of this malformation are available. This study reports seven consecutive cases, with long-term follow-up in five cases (26–119 months, mean 52 months). All patients underwent sonography, excretory urography, CT and MRI. Only two of seven patients presented nonspecific symptoms of the lower urinary tract; five were asymptomatic. In all cases sonography revealed the cystic character of the retrovesical enlargement. The anatomy of the lower pelvis was most accurately shown on MRI, which depicted the ectopic insertion of the ureter into the seminal vesicle in five cases. Cysts demonstrated high signal intensities in T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo images. In five cases the CT density was over 40 HU. Whereas one patient (15 years) presented significant enlargement of the cysts 10 years after primary diagnosis with compression of the urinary bladder, four patients showed no changes of their malformation in the follow-up examinations. The present data therefore support the concept of treating only symptomatic patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kongenitale Samenblasenzysten mit ipsilateraler Nierenagenesie oder -dyplasie sind seltene angeborene Mißbildungen. Seit Einführung moderner Schnittbildverfahren werden sie jedoch zunehmend häufiger diagnostiziert. Dennoch fehlen bislang genaue Angaben über die Prävalenz dieses Mißbildungsmusters. Diese Studie berichtet über 7 konsekutive Fälle und dokumentiert in 5 Fällen Langzeitbeobachtungen (26–119 Monate, Mittel 52 Monate). Von allen Patienten liegen Ultraschalluntersuchungen, Ausscheidungsurographien sowie Computer- und Kernspintomographien vor. Nur 2 von 7 Patienten wiesen unspezifische Symptome des unteren Harntraktes auf, alle anderen waren asymptomatisch. Von allen bildgebenden Verfahren zeigte die Kernspintomographie am genausten die Veränderungen im kleinen Becken und ihre Beziehungen zum Urogenitalsystem. Die Zysten wiesen eine hohe Signalintensität in T1- und T2-gewichteten Spin-Echo-Sequenzen auf. Computertomographisch fanden sich in 5 Fällen Dichtewerte über 40 HE. Während ein Patient (15 Jahre alt) 10 Jahre nach Erstdiagnose eine erhebliche Vergrößerung der Zysten mit Verdrängung der Harnblase aufwies, zeigten 4 Patienten bei der Nachuntersuchung keine Veränderung der Fehlbildung. Die vorliegenden Daten stützen somit das Konzept, nur symptomatische Patienten zu therapieren.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 39 (1999), S. 330-341 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. After a brief review of larval polyphenism with regard to colouration and behaviour of E. ello, experiments bearing on the influence of environmental factors upon the determination of the various color forms are described. 2. Larvae growing up singly develop into the green, the brown, or, rarely, into the greengrey form. With higher population densities the proportion of the green and greengrey larvae decreases while the proportion of brown ones increases; in addition, a blue and a greenblue type appear. In still more crowded populations the blue form gradually replaces all others (Fig. 8) 3. The occurrence of brown larvae is crucially influenced by the food quality and obviously not by contacts among the larvae; on fresh Poinsettia shoots 20% of singly bred larvae turn brown; however, on nearly defoliated shoots their proportion rises to 70% (Fig. 3). The latter effect probably explains the increase of the brown form in moderately dense populations, where the foodplant is also heavily damaged by the larvae. On another foodplant, Euphorbia cotinifolia, as many as 90% of single caterpillars are of the brown type. 4. By contrast, the development of the blue and greenblue forms in very dense populations is largely determined by stimuli from the larvae themselves. The nature of these stimuli is still unknown. Mechanical irritation with a brush and withdrawal from or feeding to the larvae the juice they regurgitate when disturbed failed to change the color of singly raised individuals (Fig. 5). 5. The different color forms exhibit varying degrees of flexibility of change into one or the other form, including reversal of some of the developmental pathways. Only the brown color form, which also differs from the others in a peculiar resting behaviour, is irreversibly determined after reaching the fourth instar (Fig. 7).
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