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  • 1995-1999  (8)
  • 1975-1979  (6)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serogroup A meningococci of subgroups III, IV-1 and IV-2 are probably descended from a common ancestor that existed in the nineteenth century. The 10.5 kb sequences spanning five distinct chromosomal loci, encoding cell-surface antigens, a secreted protease or housekeeping genes and intergenic regions, were almost identical in strains of those subgroups isolated in 1966, 1966 and 1917 respectively. During the subsequent two to three decades, all of these loci varied as a result of mutation, translocation or import of DNA from unrelated neisseriae. Thus, microevolution occurs frequently in naturally transformable bacteria. Many variants were isolated only once or within a single geographical location and disappeared thereafter. Other variants achieved genetic fixation within months or a few years. The speed with which sequence variation is either eliminated or fixed may reflect sequential bottlenecks associated with epidemic spread and contrasts with the results of phylogenetic analyses from bacteria that do not cause epidemics.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The opc gene is widespread in epidemic and endemic Neisseria meningitidis, but most strains of certain epidemic clones (ET-37 complex, Cluster A4) and a few random endemic isolates lack an opc gene. Four percent of the 1148 bp that contain opc plus the surrounding intergenic region was polymorphic (18 alleles), and many of the alleles contained a 230 bp insertion at a fixed location in the intergenic region. The presence or absence of the insertion reflects site-specific recombination. The alleles are stably inherited within clonal groupings for up to at least 50 years, with rare cases of horizontal genetic exchange. Most statistical methods indicated significant intragenic recombination events within this dataset.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 32 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 21 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 33 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous data have indicated that the opc gene encoding an immunogenic invasin is specific to Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) and is lacking in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng). The data presented here show that Nm and Ng both contain two paralogous opc-like genes, opcA, corresponding to the former opc gene, and ΨopcB, a pseudogene. The predicted OpcA and OpcB proteins possess transmembrane regions with conserved non-polar faces but differ extensively in four of the five surface-exposed loops. Gonococcal OpcA was expressed weakly under in vitro conditions, and it is unknown whether these bacteria can express this protein at high levels. Analysis of the sequences flanking opcA and ΨopcB revealed a framework of conserved housekeeping genes interspersed with DNA islands. These regions also contained several pseudogenes, deletions and IS elements, attesting to considerable genome plasticity. Both opcA and ΨopcB are located on DNA islands that have probably been imported from unrelated bacteria. A third island encodes the dcmD/dcrD R/M genes in Ng versus a small open reading frame in most strains of Nm. Rare strains of Nm were identified in which the R/M island has been imported. DNA islands in Nm and Ng seem to have been acquired by recombination via conserved flanking housekeeping genes rather than by insertion of mobile genetic elements.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A collection of 20 strains of Helicobacter pylori from several regions of the world was studied to better understand the population genetic structure and diversity of this species. Sequences of fragments from seven housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, mutY, ppa, trpC, ureI, yphC ) and two virulence-associated genes (cagA, vacA) showed high levels of synonymous sequence variation (mean percentage Ks of 10–27%) and lower levels of non-synonymous variation (mean percentage Ka of 0.2–5.6%). Cluster analysis of pairwise differences between alleles revealed the existence of two weakly clonal groupings, which included half of the strains investigated. All six strains isolated from Japanese and coastal Chinese were assigned to the ‘Asian’ clonal grouping, probably reflecting descent from a distinct common ancestor. The clonal groupings were not totally uniform; recombination, as measured by the homoplasy test and compatibility matrices, was extremely common within all genes tested, except cagA. The fact that clonal descent could still be discerned despite such frequent recombination possibly reflects founder effects and geographical separation and/or selection for particular alleles of these genes.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 23 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A two-dimensional structural model was devised for the Opc outer membrane protein invasin which contains 10 transmembrane strands and five surface-exposed loops. One continuous epitope recognized by three monoclonal antibodies was localized to the tip of loop 2 by synthetic peptides and site-directed mutagenesis while a second, discontinuous epitope recognized by a fourth antibody was localized to loops 4 and 5 by insertion mutagenesis. These monoclonal antibodies are bactericidal and inhibit adhesion and invasion. Most of the T-cell epitopes defined by Wiertz et al. (1996) were localized to the transmembrane strands. Oligonucleotides encoding a foreign epitope (∇) from Semliki Forest virus were inserted into BglII restriction sites created by site-directed mutagenesis. The ∇ epitopes inserted in all five predicted loops were recognized on the cell surface of live Escherichia coli bacteria by a monoclonal antibody and are exposed while ∇ epitopes in the N-terminus or three predicted turns were not. The results thus confirm important predictions of the model and define five permissive sites within surface-exposed loops which can be used to insert foreign epitopes.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 257 (1975), S. 652-656 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The operon structure of the tra cistrons on the F sex factor has been investigated using Mu-1 bacteriophage. Twelve tra cistrons comprise one polycistronic operon 15×106 to 20×106 daltons ...
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 270 (1977), S. 580-585 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chimaeric plasmids carrying Eco RI fragments of the F sex factor have been used to identify proteins involved in conjugation and to assign them to tra cistrons. Most of these proteins are incorporated into the cell envelope and are individually regulated at the post-transcriptional ...
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 163 (1978), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hybrid plasmids obtained by cloning individual EcoRI and HindIII fragments of the conjugative plasmid, R6-5, were analyzed for their ability to complement transfer-deficient point mutations of Flac. As a result, the locations of 10 tra cistrons were defined on the physical map of R6-5. Two cistrons, traE and traG, are interrupted by EcoRI restriction sites and one cistron, traC, probably contains a HindIII restriction site. The origin of DNA transfer, oriT, was also localized. Surprisingly the hybrid plasmid carrying oriT is mobilized by the F factor as well as by R6-5. The surface exclusion cistrons, traS and traT, were mapped and their biological expression analyzed. A total of 18 proteins encoded by cistrons within the tra region were detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in minicells; they represent about 53% of the coding capacity of the cloned DNA. R6-5 DNA fragments containing the cistrons traC, traE, and traT directed the synthesis of proteins which comigrated during SDS gel electrophoresis with the F-coded proteins previously characterized as TraCp, TraEp, and TraTp. A further two proteins encoded by R6-5 comigrated with F-encoded (but genetically unidentified) proteins whose cistrons map in the corresponding part of the tra region. In contrast, no R6-5 proteins corresponding to F proteins TraAp, TraDp, TraJp, TraMp, 6a or 6c were detected. These results are discussed in relation to known DNA sequence homologies between the F and R6-5 plasmids. A preliminary physical map of the tra region of R6-5 is presented and compared with that of F.
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