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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Keywords: Biogeochemical cycles--Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles held at Melreux, Belgium, March 4-8, 1991.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (518 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783642760648
    Series Statement: Nato asi Subseries I: Series ; v.4
    DDC: 574.5/222
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change -- Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- C, N, P, S GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND MODELING OF GLOBAL CHANGE -- THE COUPLING OF CARBON AND ION CYCLES INCLUDING N, P AND S IN SOILS OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS -- TERRITORIAL, CONTINENTAL AND GLOBAL ASPECTS OF C, N, P AND S EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS -- C, N, AND P EXPORT DYNAMICS IN THE AMAZON RIVER -- THE PHISON RIVER SYSTEM: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF C, N AND P TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE AQUATIC CONTINUUM FROM LAND TO SEA -- C, N, P AND S IN RIVERS: FROM SOURCES TO GLOBAL INPUTS -- INTERACTIONS OF CARBON AND NITROGEN CYCLES IN THE COASTAL ZONE -- PRODUCTIVITY AND NEW PRODUCTION OF THE OCEANIC SYSTEM -- AIR-SEA CO2 EXCHANGE IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS -- AIR-SEA EXCHANGE OF CO2 AND ITS RELATION TO PRIMARY PRODUCTION -- AIR-SEA EXCHANGE OF SULPHUR AND NITROGEN AND THEIR INTERACTION IN THE MARINE ATMOSPHERE -- ORIGINS, ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND FATE OF BIOLOGICALLY EXCHANGED C, N AND S GASES -- MULTI-PHASE PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR CYCLE -- ORGANIC MATTER OXIDATION IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- THE NATURE OF PHOSPHORUS BURIAL IN MODERN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- RECYCLING EFFICIENCIES OF ORGANIC CARBON, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND REDUCED SULFUR IN RAPIDLY DEPOSITING COASTAL SEDIMENTS -- BIOGEOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN SEDIMENTS: KINETIC MODELS OF EARLY DIAGENESIS -- NONLINEARITIES IN PHOSPHOGENESIS AND PHOSPHORUS-CARBON COUPLING AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL CHANGE -- THE COUPLING OF THE CARBON AND SULFUR BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OVER PHANEROZOIC TIME -- WORKING GROUP 1 C, N, P AND S BIOGEOCHEMICAL DYNAMICS AND CYCLING IN THE GEOLOGIC RECORD -- WORKING GROUP 2 INTERACTIONS OF THE CYCLES OF C, N, P AND S IN THE RECENT PAST (THE QUATERNARY) AND PRESENT. , WORKING GROUP 3 C, N, P and S BIOGEOCHEMICAL DYNAMICS AND CYCLING: FUTURE AND HUMAN DIMENSIONS -- LIST OF WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS -- SUBJECT INDEX.
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Upper Saddle Rivers, N. J. : Prentice Hall | London : Prentice-Hall International
    Keywords: Environmental sciences ; Human ecology ; Nature Effect of human beings on ; Global environmental change ; environmental science ; human ecology ; man - influence on nature ; Einführung ; Geologie ; Umweltveränderung ; Humanökologie ; Erde ; Ökosystem ; Umweltveränderung
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XII, 387 S , Ill., graph. Darst
    ISBN: 0023736534
    Series Statement: Prentice Hall earth science series
    DDC: 363.7
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Keywords: Carbonate rocks ; Marine sediments ; Geochemistry ; Carbonatgestein ; Geochemie ; Carbonatgestein ; Geochemie ; Carbonate ; Meeressediment ; Sedimentation ; Akkumulation ; Diagenese ; Mineralogie
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XVI, 707 S , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt
    ISBN: 0444873910 , 0444887814
    Series Statement: Developments in sedimentology 48
    DDC: 552/.58
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturverz. S. [609] - 679
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 1 (1995), S. 189-230 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: bank-derived carbonates ; magnesian calcite ; sediment trap ; flux ; carbon chemistry ; CO2 sink ; global change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This investigation used two approaches to examine the flux of bank-derived carbonate particles and determine the potential influence of benthic carbonate particle dissolution on the carbon chemistry of the waters around the Hawaiian Archipelago. First, the particle flux near several representative carbonate banks in the Hawaiian Archipelago was measured and compared with the flux at a distal site (ALOHA) approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii. The results of four sediment trap deployments on three carbonate banks in the Hawaiian Archipelago demonstrate that the flux of bank-derived carbonate particles are consistently one to two orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes at the distal station. Furthermore, the mineralogy of the carbonate flux near the banks, which includes very soluble bank-derived aragonite and magnesian calcite particles, is distinctly different from that of the distal fluxes. Second, the chemistry of the waters at each bank station along the archipelago was characterized and compared with the chemistry of the distal waters to determine if differences in the particle flux were reflected in the carbon chemistry. Higher alkalinity and carbonate ion concentrations were observed around all of the banks studied. The saturation state of these waters suggests that the dissolution of some magnesian calcite and aragonite phases could explain the higher alkalinity values. Calculations suggest that the dissolution of benthically-derived aragonite and magnesian calcite may be an important component of the North Pacific alkalinity budget and a potential sink for anthropogenic CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1997), S. 273-298 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: dolomite ; precipitation kinetics ; geochemical cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ‘dolomite problem’ has a long history and remains one of the most intensely studied and debated topics in geology. Major amounts of dolomite are not directly forming today from seawater. This observation has led many investigators to develop geochemical/hydrologic models for dolomite formation in diagenetic environments. A fundamental limitation of the current models for the growth of sedimentary dolomite is the dearth of kinetic information for this phase, in contrast to that available for calcite and aragonite. We present a simple kinetic model describing dolomite growth as a function of supersaturation using data from published high temperature synthesis experiments and our own experimental results. This model is similar in form to empirical models used to describe precipitation and dissolution rates of other carbonate minerals. Despite the considerable uncertainties and assumptions implicit in this approach, the model satisfies a basic expectation of classical precipitation theory, i.e., that the distance from equilibrium is a basic driving force for reaction rate. The calculated reaction order is high (~ 3), and the combined effect of high order and large activation energy produces a very strong dependence of the rate on temperature and the degree of supersaturation of aqueous solutions with respect to this phase. Using the calculated parameters, we applied the model to well-documented case studies of sabkha dolomite at Abu Dhabi (Persian Gulf), and organogenic dolomite from the Gulf of California. Growth rates calculated from the model agree with independent estimates of the age of these dolomites to well within an order of magnitude. A comparison of precipitation rates in seawater also shows the rate of dolomite precipitation to converge strongly with that of calcite with increasing temperature. If correct, this result implies that dolomite may respond to relatively modest warming of surface environments by substantial increases in accumulation rate, and suggests that the distribution of sedimentary dolomite in the rock record may be to some extent a temperature signal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 4 (1998), S. 299-300 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 3 (1997), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: carbonates ; calcite ; dissolution ; upper ocean ; organic film ; in-situ experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Reactions occurring on the surfaces of biogenic carbonate minerals can have important consequences for the biogeochemical cycle of carbon. In this study, carbonate mineral surface reactions with ambient seawater were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). A sampling method was developed in which calcite surfaces were hung at discrete depths on a sediment trap array line for a three-day deployment period in subtropical North Pacific waters. Changes in surface morphologies were examined at nanometer resolution and evaluated using as a constraint the depth profile of calcite saturation in these waters. Evidence suggests that: (1) organic films which develop on carbonate surfaces exposed to shallow seawater may be responsible for the oversaturated state of the upper oceanic water column, (2) dissolution of carbonate minerals within the shallow warm layer of the ocean could be responsible for part of the alkalinity anomaly observed in the North Pacific.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1996), S. 273-298 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: dolomite ; precipitation kinetics ; geochemical cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ‘dolomite problem’ has a long history and remains one of the most intensely studied and debated topics in geology. Major amounts of dolomite are not directly forming today from seawater. This observation has led many investigators to develop geochemical/hydrologic models for dolomite formation in diagenetic environments. A fundamental limitation of the current models for the growth of sedimentary dolomite is the dearth of kinetic information for this phase, in contrast to that available for calcite and aragonite. We present a simple kinetic model describing dolomite growth as a function of supersaturation using data from published high temperature synthesis experiments and our own experimental results. This model is similar in form to empirical models used to describe precipitation and dissolution rates of other carbonate minerals. Despite the considerable uncertainties and assumptions implicit in this approach, the model satisfies a basic expectation of classical precipitation theory, i.e., that the distance from equilibrium is a basic driving force for reaction rate. The calculated reaction order is high (~ 3), and the combined effect of high order and large activation energy produces a very strong dependence of the rate on temperature and the degree of supersaturation of aqueous solutions with respect to this phase. Using the calculated parameters, we applied the model to well-documented case studies of sabkha dolomite at Abu Dhabi (Persian Gulf), and organogenic dolomite from the Gulf of California. Growth rates calculated from the model agree with independent estimates of the age of these dolomites to well within an order of magnitude. A comparison of precipitation rates in seawater also shows the rate of dolomite precipitation to converge strongly with that of calcite with increasing temperature. If correct, this result implies that dolomite may respond to relatively modest warming of surface environments by substantial increases in accumulation rate, and suggests that the distribution of sedimentary dolomite in the rock record may be to some extent a temperature signal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 4 (1998), S. 337-360 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: magnesian calcite ; overgrowth ; precipitation ; recrystallization ; seawater ; supersaturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The formation and subsequent reactions of magnesiancalcite overgrowths on calcite were investigated bymeans of closed system seeded precipitationexperiments. These experiments demonstrated that(1) thin overgrowths of magnesian calcite are precipitatedon calcite seeds suspended in seawater;(2) the solubilities of the coatings increase outward from theseed crystals as a linear function of the log ofrelative coating thickness;(3) during the period ofthese experiments (up to 5.5 months), the magnesiancalcite coatings continued to increase in thickness,but became less soluble in composition. Thestabilization reaction, referred to asrecrystallization, can be described by the followingequation: Cax Mg(1-x) CO3 + [z + y(x + z)]Ca2++ 2yHCO3- ] = (1 + y)Ca(x + z)Mg(1 - x -z)CO3 + [z + y(x + z - 1)]Mg2++ y CO2 + yH20;] 4) recrystallization rate is dependent on solutionsaturation state, with a reaction order of 3.2 forartificial seawater and 4.0 for natural seawater; and(5) by the cessation of the closed system experiments,overgrowth compositions approached that of the stablecalcite (a few mol % MgCO3). Armoring of suspended carbonate particles in thesurface oceans with magnesian calcite overgrowthswould provide an effective barrier to release of theoceanic supersaturation with respect to calcite. Thicknesses of such coatings would be limited by therecrystallization rate of the magnesian calcite. Estimates based on the recrystallization ratesdetermined in this work indicate coatings on the orderof 0.02 µm in thickness could form on particles asthey sink through the mixed layer. According to thesecalculations, the total amount of carbon precipitatedannually in magnesian calcite overgrowths iscomparable to the riverine flux of dissolved carbon tothe oceans. Field observations of severalinvestigators indicate the likely presence ofmagnesian calcite coatings on planktonic particles,and provide evidence for possible recrystallization ofbiogenic magnesian particles in the marineenvironment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 4 (1998), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Relatively soon (∼0.2 Ga) after the Earthformed, it is likely that major oceans appeared in ahot (∼100°C) reducing environment where carbondioxide was probably the dominant atmospheric gas,with PCO2, values reaching perhaps in excess of 10atm. During the Hadean Eon between 4.3 and 3.8 Ga BP,major changes in the concentration of atmosphericCO2 and associated temperature changes had aprofound influence on the carbonate geochemistry ofthe Hadean Ocean. Although no rocks are known to havesurvived prior to the Archean Eon, it is stillpossible to calculate approximate values for importantseawater parameters during the Hadean Eon based onother sources of information and reasonableassumptions about processes such as weatheringreactions. Our calculations are based on a linear temperaturechange from 100°C to 70°C and logPCO2 change from 1 to -1.5 over the Hadean Eon. Over this range in temperature and P CO2, theinfluence of T is relatively small, but changes inP CO2 result in large compositional variations inthe carbonate chemistry of Hadean seawater. In theearly Hadean, seawater pH was probably about5.8 ± ∼ 0.2, DIC may have reached close to 130 mM,and alkalinity was perhaps close to 30 mM. By thelate Hadean, seawater pH probably had changed to closeto neutral (∼6.8), and DIC and alkalinity were closerto present-day values. Even large uncertainties inNa+ + Cl-, K+ and Mg2+concentrations produce relatively small uncertaintiesin our calculated values for the carbonic acid system. However, larger uncertainties result from reasonableranges for Ca2+ concentrations and the saturationstate of Hadean seawater with respect to calcite. Our calculations support the hypothesis that acarbonate chemistry of seawater roughly similar tothat of modern oceans could have been acquired veryearly in Earth history. If seawater composition werebuffered by reactions involving carbonates andsilicates, then the composition of late Hadean-earlyArchean seawater was not vastly different from that oftoday. Thus, by the conclusion of the Hadean Eon, ifnot before, environmental conditions at the Earth's surface, including temperature and seawatercomposition, were sufficiently equable for theevolution of life, including the Archaebacteria: theextreme halophiles and thermophiles and methanogens.Contrary to the hypothesis of an early Na-bicarbonateocean, our calculations suggest the possibility thatthe early oceans of Earth were a NaCl-dominatedaqueous solution, with somewhat higher DIC andalkalinity concentrations, higher saturation state,and the possibility of lower calcium concentrations.The time course of approach of Hadean seawater to acarbonate composition closer to that of today isdifficult to predict. It is distinctly possible thatthe concentration of calcium in seawater did not reachlevels like that of modern seawater until the latePrecambrian and thus constrained the timing of the"Big Bang" of organic evolution, the emergence of theshelled invertebrates at the beginning of thePhanerozoic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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