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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory describing the shapes of polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery (PFPR) curves for a population of fluorophores undergoing restricted rotational diffusion in two-dimensional systems such as planar membranes has been developed. In this model, restricted rotational diffusion of the fluorophores is described by using reflective boundary conditions, in which the fluorophores are assumed to diffuse freely but only within an angular space of width 2ω. The magnitude and apparent rate of the PFPR postbleach fluorescence curves are a function of both ω and the angle between the bleaching and observation beam polarizations ψ. It is shown that estimates of the degree of rotational restriction ω may be obtained from changes in the ψ-dependent postbleach fluorescence intensities.Using angle-dependent PFPR, slow rotational reorientations of the fluorescent lipid analogue 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine in distearoylphosphatidylcholine Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers deposited on octadecyltrichlorosilane-treated fused quartz were measured. As theoretically predicted for a rotationally restricted fluorophore population, both the initial Fψ(0) and final Fψ(∞) postbleach fluorescence intensities varied as a function of ψ, and no measurable change in the postbleach fluorescence intensities was observed for ψ = 45°. Using the theory for restricted rotational motion, the ψ-dependent variations of the final fluorescence intensities Fψ(∞) obtained at two bleaching intensities gave an average apparent ω ≍ 52°. However, to adequately fit the Fψ(0) data, inclusion of the theoretical effects of rapid (faster than the duration of the photobleaching pulse) fluorophore dynamics was also required. Best fits of the Fψ(0) and Fψ(∞) data were obtained when the fluorophores were assumed to rapidly wobble within a cone of semiangle δ ≍ 30°-50° while slowly rotating within an angular space defined by semiangle ω ≍ 35°-60°. Subsequent analysis of the time- and ψ-dependent changes in the postbleach fluorescence curves Fψ(t) gave apparent diffusion coefficients ranging from D ≍ 10-3 s-1 to 4 × 10-2 s-1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 25 (1996), S. 28-37 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein evolution ; structure prediction ; information theory ; amino acid substitution ; multiple sequence alignment ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using an information theoretic formalism, we optimize classes of amino acid substitution to be maximally indicative of local protein structure. Our statistically-derived classes are loosely identifiable with the heuristic constructions found in previously published work. However, while these other methods provide a more rigid idealization of physicochemically constrained residue substitution, our classes provide substantially more structural information with many fewer parameters. Moreover, these substitution classes are consistent with the paradigmatic view of the sequence-to-structure relationship in globular proteins which holds that the three-dimensional architecture is predominantly determined by the arrangement of hydrophobic and polar side chains with weak constraints on the actual amino acid identities. More specific constraints are imposed on the placement of prolines, glycines, and the charged residues. These substitution classes have been used in highly accurate predictions of residue solvent accessibility. They could also be used in the identification of homologous proteins, the construction and refinement of multiple sequence alignments, and as a means of condensing and codifying the information in multiple sequence alignments for secondary structure prediction and tertiary fold recognition. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3083-3086 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: vinylidene ; scission ; polypropylene ; controlled-rheology ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyurethane prepolymers are a complex mixture of oligomers. The proportion of the various species in this mixture determines the handling properties of the prepolymer as well as the physical properties of the final polyurethane. An analytical method has been developed that gives a clear and sensitive picture of both the reaction kinetics and the concentrations of the oligomeric species in the prepolymer mixture. The analytical method is applied to the polypropylene glycol/tolylene diisocyanate/catalyst system. The expected changes in reaction rates and in the formation of higher oligomers in the prepolymer were observed when catalyst was added at three different polyol molecular weights. An alternative equation for predicting the number average degree of polymerization is developed for the cases where reactant ratios are significantly less than one. An empirical equation is derived that permits expressing the reaction kinetic data in a linear plot. This equation is used to express the results of this work.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 813-824 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Wurtz-type coupling of a number of representative classes of substituted dichlorosilane monomers was investigated in considerable detail. Low temperature polymerization techniques, including ultrasonic activation, were also studied. Similarly, the effect of dipolar additives on the polymerization process was examined. The conclusions drawn from these studies provide some insight into the selection of useful polymerization conditions for the conversion of various monomer types into linear high polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 2371-2380 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Alder Ene reaction ; polypropylene ; Lewis acid ; maleation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the parameters that affect the Alder Ene reaction with respect to the synthesis of a terminally anhydride-functionalized polypropylene was carried out over a temperature range of 220-250°C using maleic anhydride concentrations of 2-12 mol equivalence with respect to the vinylidene group. As previously observed, a Lewis acid (i.e., SnCl2 · 2H2O) had a catalytic effect on the reaction at these temperatures, thereby improving anhydride content in the polymer for short reaction times. Increased temperature and maleic anhydride concentration had a positive effect on improving the incorporation of the succinyl anhydride moiety at the terminal site in polypropylene. Lower SnCl2 · 2H2O concentrations, likewise, improve the functionality of the product. The application of a second-order kinetic model to the measured succinyl anhydride results was not valid over the entire temperature range studied due to side reactions, particularly vinylidene isomerization, and homopolymerization of maleic anhydride. Ruthenium chloride has been examined as another possible catalyst candidate in the reaction and has been found to improve the level of anhydride incorporation in polypropylene compared to stannous chloride. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2371-2380, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 18 (1994), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: entropy ; thermodynamics ; binding energetics ; translational entropy ; macromolecular interactions ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The loss of translational degrees of freedom makes an important, unfavorable contribution to the free energy of binding. Examination of experimental values suggest that calculation of this entropy using the Sackur-Tetrode equation produces largely overestimated values. Better agreement is obtained using the cratic entropy. Theoretical considerations suggest that the volumes available for the movement of a ligand in solution and in a complex are rather similar, suggesting also that the cratic entropy provides the best estimate of the loss of translational entropy. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 1203-1206 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 25 (1996), S. 38-47 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein structure prediction ; Bayesian statistics ; amino acid substitution ; information theory ; solvent accessibility ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We introduce a novel Bayesian probabilistic method for predicting the solvent accessibilities of amino acid residues in globular proteins. Using single sequence data, this method achieves prediction accuracies higher than previously published methods. Substantially improved predictions - comparable to the highest accuracies reported in the literature to date - are obtained by representing alignments of the example proteins and their homologs as strings of residue substitution classes, depending on the side chain types observed at each alignment position. These results demonstrate the applicability of this relatively simple Bayesian approach to structure prediction and illustrate the utility of the classification methodology previously developed to extract information from aligned sets of structurally related proteins. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyurethane ; chromatography ; stoichiometry ; GPC ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of formation of polyurethane prepolymers is studied by an analytical technique which involves reactive quenching of the isocyanate, separation of the oligomeric species by GPC, and measurement by UV absorbance of the quenched moieties. The precision of the kinetic parameters and the ratios of the oligomers are determined. The effect of changes in reactant stoichiometry on the ratio of oligomers is measured and compared to the value predicted by an equation from Flory. Toluene diisocyanate is shown to give fewer high oligomers than predicted, while methylene diphenylene diisocyanate gives nearly the predicted values. Tetramethylxylene diisocyanate gives more high oligomers than predicted, an unexpected but possibly important result. Catalyst is shown to increase the reaction rate of the last by more than 200 times. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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