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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY INCREASES INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 44 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The authors studied the influence of vitamin A deficiency on immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity as well as granulocyte-mediated inflammatory reactions in vitamin A depleted and control rats. The number of circulating leucocytes was 43% higher in the vitamin A deficient than in the control animals. The leucocytosis was a result of a general increase of white blood cells and was not due to an increase in one particular type. The ratio between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was unchanged. The vitamin A deficient rats had a four times higher T-cell proliferative response and a two times higher interferon-γ production in vitro than the control animals. In accordance, the DTH reaction was consistently higher in the vitamin A deficient rats. The granulocyte dependent inflammation, induced by olive oil injection, was also strongly enhanced in the vitamin A deficient rats compared with the controls. In addition, the spontaneous release of nitric oxide from the peritoneal phagocytes was five times higher in the vitamin A deficient animals. The number of peritoneal mast cells was about one and a half times higher in the vitamin A deficient than in the control animals. The density of IgE-receptors on the mast cells, the IgE receptor occupancy and the histamine release from the mast cells did not differ between the groups, however. The vitamin A deficient immunized rats displayed a consistently stronger immediate skin reaction after intracutaneous antigen injection than the immunized control rats, despite lower IgE antibody levels. The skin reaction after intracutaneous injection of histamine was also significantly greater in the deficient animals. Despite the stronger reaction to antigen and histamine, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction was lower in the vitamin A deficient rats. In conclusion the study shows that vitamin A deficiency aggravates the clinical manifestations of inflammatory reactions. Thus, vitamin A deficiency might lead to a higher risk of acquiring irreversible tissue damage and disabling destruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-351.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glass transition and caking of spray-dried lactose (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of food science & technology 31 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2621
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simple test methods to determine the onset temperatures of viscous flow and caking of spray-dried amorphous lactose are described. The extent of viscous flow was measured as an increase in the density of lactose plugs within a cylindrical aluminium compaction apparatus after incubation for 3h at a specified temperature. Caking was characterized by an increase in the hardness of the lactose plugs formed. The onset temperature of viscous flow decreased with increasing water activity, Aw, and corresponded to the onset temperature of glass transition, Tg1. Glass transition temperatures were determined using both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin relaxation. The results suggest that elevation of the powder temperature above Tg1 promotes viscous flow and increases the potential for caking of amorphous food powders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.1996.00352.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemically oxidized polypyrrole: Influence of the experimental conditions on its electrical conductivity and morphology (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 642-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of synthesis conditions on the electrical conductivity and the morphology of a chemically oxidized polypyrrole was investigated. It was found that the electrical conductivity of polypyrrole was strongly dependent on the pyrrole/FeCl3 ratio, which controls the redox potential of the reaction medium. The reaction temperature and the reaction duration also influence the electrical conductivity of the polypyrrole. A considerable influence of the nature of the solvent used on the aggregation state of polypyrrole particles was demonstrated. Optimal experimental conditions are proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760350803
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The conducting behavior and stability of conducting polymer composites (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 637-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Results of measurements of the electrical conductivity of low density polyethylene/polypyrrole and polystyrene/polypyrrole composites are reported. It is observed that the electrical conductivity of the composite vs. concentration follows the power law predicted by the percolation theory. The manufacturing process influences the homogeneity of the composite at microscopic scale and thus the percolation threshold. Annealing studies show that the stability of the electrical conductivity of the composite is related to the thermal expansion of the polymers and the relaxation of the polymer chains. The decrease of the electrical conductivity of the composite is attributed to the interruption of the percolation path.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760350802
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformations of polymer chains in voids with an external electric field by Green's function methods (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1167-1172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: gel electrophoresis ; DNA electromobility ; polymer configurations ; polymer mobility ; polymer conduction ; dispersive transport ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The statistical conformations of a length of polymer chain, such as DNA, trapped in a void within a gel under the influence of an external electric field, have been studied by the method of Green's functions. Based upon a rectangular box approximation for the void shape, the method gives an explicit analytical expression for the end-to-end distance (Rx) as a function of applied field strength, number of chain segments coiled within the void, and size of a chain segment. Results of calculations show that the field compresses the entrained coil into more compact configurations, as would be expected. Such compression is believed to affect the electrophoretic mobility of a long chain molecule like DNA in a dilute gel. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330802
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further developments towards a new virtual-pulse time integral methodology for general non-linear transient thermal analysis (1994)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 10 (1994), S. 961-970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: New developments of describing the theoretical basis towards an effective virtual-pulse (VIP) time integral methodology are proposed for general non-linear transient heat transfer problems. Primarily to validate the proposed methodology of computation, simple numerical test cases are provided and comparisons are also drawn with the implicit second-order-accurate Crank-Nicolson method. For the models tested, the proposed method has comparable or improved accuracy and stability characteristics. The VIP methodology introduced here for tackling non-linear thermal problems offers attractive features and is a viable alternative to traditional time-stepping practices. Efforts are underway to demonstrate the practical applicability to multi-dimensional thermal analysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1640101202
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further studies on biodegradation of aliphatic poly(ester-amides) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 1999-2006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two types of aliphatic poly(ester-amides) (PEAs) were subjected to microbial degradation in basal mineral salt broth, under the attack of a yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, at 20°C. PEA-I copolymers were made by the anionic ring-opening copolymerization of ∊-caprolactone and ∊-caprolactam, whereas PEA-II copolymers were synthesized by a two-step polycondensation reaction of hexanediol-1,6, hexanediamine-1,6, and adipolyl chloride. These copolymers were found to be readily degradable under biotic conditions, based on weight loss, GPC, NMR spectroscopy, and tensile property measurements. Compared to abiotic hydrolysis, biodegradation occurred much faster under milder conditions. Furthermore, NMR spectroscopic analysis proved that the biodegradation of poly(ester-amides) involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of ester groups on the backbones of polymers into acid and hydroxyl groups. No breakdown of amide bonds was observed under the given biotic conditions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070501118
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of potentially degradable materials for marine applications. II. Polypropylene-starch blends (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 405-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of exposure of unstabilized polypropylene-starch blends, with or without a metal catalyst (e.g., cobalt (III) acetylacetonate), autooxidant (e.g., fatty acid), and a metal containing plasticizer (e.g., aluminum stearate) to the marine environment was studied for about six weeks at two different locations in New Jersey. Starch tends to absorb water. Unstabilized polypropylene degrades significantly during processin in air, as indicated by melt index values. Thus, for blends of unstabilized polypropylene-starch (no additives), prepared under controlled conditions and exposed to plain seawater, there seems to be no microbial activity or chemical degradation, as indicated by no surface erosion and practically no change in molecular weight and tensile properties. However, for unstabilized polypropylene starch blends containing metal catalyst, auto-oxidant, or plasticizer exposed under soft mud, surface erosion due to microbial activity is evident. In addition, chemical degradation due to the presence of degradative additives has been confirmed, as observed by a decrease in molecular weight and tensile properties. Changes in thermal characteristics of these blends after exposure to the marine environment have been studied.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430220
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical behavior of carbon black-filled polymer composites: Effect of interaction between filler and matrix (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 1159-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of interaction between carbon black and polymer on electrical behavior was studied using the ESR method. The polymer matrices used were HDPE, LDPE, and ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA). Two kinds of carbon blacks (CB), high structure CSF-III and low structure FEF, were used as a conductive filler. Compared to that of the HDPE/FEF compound, the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) intensity is lower and electrical reproducibility is worse for the HDPE/CSF-III compound; however, it can be improved significantly by radiation cross-linking. On the other hand, the cross-linking has no practical effect on the PTC intensity of the LDPE/CSF-III compound while it can be achieved by mixing the compound for a longer time. The great PTC intensity was obtained in the HDPE/EVA/CSF-III compound, and it is greater than that of HDPE/CSF-III or EVA/CSF-III. We explain these results using the concept of interaction between the filler and matrix. The absorption of the polymer on the carbon black surface may be physical or chemical; the latter is caused by the free-radical reaction between the polymer and carbon black, and it can occur during the radiation or preparation process of the compound. These “bound polymers” are essentially important for materials to have a great PTC intensity and good reproducibility. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510701
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal ignition kinetics of wood sawdust measured by a newly devised experimental technique (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 14 (1995), S. 266-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The activation energies of two wood sawdusts were determined using an experimental technique based on the crossing-point temperature concept, which was derived from the transient model of self-heating in a solid. The two samples used in this study were treated and untreated sawdust. The activation energies measured were 106 ± 4 kJ mol-1 for the treated sawdust and 90 ± 3 kJ mol-1 for the untreated sawdust. These values are similar to those in previously published results which were obtained using the steady-state model. The transient model provides a quicker yet sufficiently accurate method of determining thermal ignition kinetics.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680140409
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