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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal morphology and phase purity of diamond crystallites during bias enhanced nucleation and initial growth stages (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3354-3360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The crystal morphologies and phase composition of diamond crystallites during bias enhanced nucleation and initial growth stages in microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition were investigated. Diamond nuclei were first formed in the central regions of substrates and then propagated to the sample edges. During the course of bias nucleation, excessive ion bombardment induced secondary nucleation sites on the already formed nuclei. The secondary nucleation deteriorated the overall alignment of the growing crystals. Hence, the elimination of secondary nucleation and homogeneous nucleation over substrates are fundamental requirements for the deposition of large-area uniformly oriented diamond films. Decreasing reactant pressure was found to be effective for improving plasma homogeneity and consequently nucleation uniformity. The results of bias enhanced nucleation within a pressure range from 8 to 20 Torr showed that the lower pressure of reactants enlarged the area of oriented diamond films. However, the optimum bias and duration of nucleation was found to be specific for each pressure. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1289071
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bulk-quantity Si nanosphere chains prepared from semi-infinite length Si nanowires (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 727-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Bulk-quantity Si nanosphere chains have been fabricated. This is accomplished via the spheroidization of Si nanowires of semi-infinite lengths. The process has been extensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The nanosphere chains consisted of equally spaced Si crystalline nanospheres connected by Si-oxide bars. The transition from Si nanowires to Si nanosphere chains was determined by the annealing temperature, ambient pressure, initial Si nanowire diameters, and the oxide state of the outer layers of Si nanowires. The relationships between the geometry (size and spacing) of Si nanospheres, the initial state (diameter and oxide state) of Si nanowires, and the experimental conditions are discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1328786
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of ZnO nanostructures by a simple way of thermal evaporation (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 757-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mass production of ZnO nanowires, nanoribbons, and needle-like rods has been achieved by a simple method of thermal evaporation of ZnO powders mixed with graphite. Metallic catalysts, carrying gases, and vacuum conditions are not necessary. Temperature is the critical experimental parameter for the formation of different morphologies of ZnO nanostructures. Zn or Zn suboxide plays a crucial role for the nucleation of ZnO nanostructures. The as-prepared ZnO nanowires consist of single crystalline cores and thin amorphous shells. As determined by electron diffraction, the growth direction of ZnO nanowires is [001], which has no orientation relationship with the substrate. A strong room-temperature photoluminescence in ZnO nanostructures has been demonstrated. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1495878
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid eutectic growth under containerless condition (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 778-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rapid eutectic growth in a highly undercooled liquid was accomplished by containerlessly processing Co–Mo eutectic alloy in a drop tube. The containerless state during free fall produces substantial undercoolings up to 391 K (0.24TE) in falling droplets before crystallization. The eutectic growth mechanism is found to transform from lamellar eutectic to anomalous eutectic if the droplet undercooling exceeds a critical value of about 56 K, which coincides well with the lower boundary of the calculated eutectic coupled zone. Although the reduced gravity level of 10−2–10−3 g has little influence on this eutectic growth mechanism transition, it frequently results in the formation of spherical anomalous eutectic grains owing to the symmetrical temperature field and concentration field surrounding solid/liquid interface. Both theoretical analyses and experimental observations indicate that the independent nucleation and cooperative branched growth of two eutectic phases are responsible for the eutectic growth mechanism transition. The three-dimensional structural model of anomalous eutectic grain is a two-phase composite dendrite. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1492855
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific heat and thermodynamic properties of undercooled liquid cobalt (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 28-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Co is undercooled to 227 K (0.128 Tm) and its specific heat has been determined as 40.6 Jmol−1 K−1 by electromagnetic levitation drop calorimeter, whose good accuracy is verified by the measured specific heat data of pure nickel. On the basis of measured specific heat data, the thermodynamic properties, such as thermodynamic driving force and relative nucleation rate, are calculated. Moreover, the theoretical models of Turnbull and Dubey–Ramachandrarao are also used to calculate the thermodynamic properties for a comparison. It is found that both the thermodynamic driving force and relative nucleation rate have large deviation compared with the calculated results based on experimental data. This indicates that, since the deviation of specific heat value has a drastic influence on thermodynamic driving force and nucleation rate for the undercooled liquid metals, it is necessary to measure the specific heat quantitatively by experiments. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1428409
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleation and growth of well-aligned, uniform-sized carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma chemical vapor depositon (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 4028-4030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes assisted by microwave plasma on metal surfaces have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. Microwave plasma generated nanoparticles of various sizes on metal surfaces. Initially, the nanoparticles were embedded in an amorphous carbon layer and led to the formation of carbon tube nuclei. At the early stage of growth, the carbon tube diameters ranged from 10 to 100 nm. Carbon tubes with diameters of 40–50 nm had a high growth rate in the vertical direction, resulting in the formation of tube arrays. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1381036
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smallest diameter carbon nanotubes (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 2831-2833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mass-selected carbon ion beam deposition (MSIBD) was used to demonstrate that the diameter of a carbon nanotube could be as small as 0.4 nm, the theoretical limit predicted but never experimentally reached so far. The deposition was performed at an elevated temperature much lower than the high temperatures (800–1000 °C) needed for deposition of carbon nanotubes by conventional methods. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that the combination of the stress induced by the ion impact and the C migration at the temperature applied formed graphitic sheets with their normal (c axis) parallel to the surface of the silicon substrate. Some sheets closed to form multiwall nanotubes. The smallest diameter of the innermost tube was found to be 0.4 nm. The novel use of MSIBD (a pure method, catalyst free, low deposition temperature, easily applied to large surfaces without surface pretreatment capable of pattern-writing) may significantly advance the carbon nanostructure technology. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1320869
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct observation of stacking fault nucleation in the early stage of ZnSe/GaAs pseudomorphic epitaxial layer growth (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 2846-2848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The nucleation of stacking faults in the initial stage of growth of ZnSe/GaAs(001) epilayers has been studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Stacking faults have been observed to nucleate on the {111} planes on the slopes of ZnSe islands and hang over the adjacent (001) surface. The image details of a V-shaped fault originating from a sharp tip at a later stage of growth is in good agreement with the simulated image of stacking faults emerging from a dimer array of three chains. This gives support to residual dimer array on the 2×1 reconstructed (001) surface as the origin of stacking faults in ZnSe epilayers. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1321732
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxide-assisted growth and optical characterization of gallium-arsenide nanowires (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3304-3306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This letter reports the synthesis and optical characterization of GaAs nanowires obtained by oxide-assisted laser ablation of a mixture of GaAs and Ga2O3. The GaAs nanowires have lengths up to tens of micrometers and diameters in the range of 10–120 nm, with an average of 60 nm. The nanowires have a thin oxide layer covering a crystalline GaAs core with a [1¯11] growth direction. Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL) characterizations of GaAs nanowires reveal that the spectral peaks significantly shifted and broadened from those of bulk GaAs material. The changes in these spectra are mainly attributed to impurities, defects, and residual stress in the GaAs nanowires. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1371966
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure to induce over-compensation of growth in maturing yellow perch (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 59 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Unlike juvenile F1 male bluegill Lepomis macrochrus× female green sunfish L. cyanellus, maximized episodes of compensatory growth (CG) in 2 year yellow perch Perca flavescens did not surpass control masses because internal regulation caused abrupt appetite reduction upon catch-up. Together, the hybrid sunfish study and present work indicate that CG-maximizing feeding schedules and absence of an internal growth limiting mechanism are both required to produce substantial growth overcompensation (GOC). The less vigorous and less resilient CG responses of the yellow perch relative to those of the similarly fed hybrid sunfish appear indicative of the lack of GOC capacity in the former. This contrast, and results of previous studies are interpreted to suggest that GOC capacity may be limited to early life stages of fishes which have a substantial reproductive potential but are at high risk of mortality due to their small size. The possibility that GOC capacity is time-of-year-dependent and species-specific is considered also. Food deprivation periods that produced the strongest CG responses differed for male (2 days) and female (12 days) yellow perch. Among controls fed without restriction, growth rate and growth efficiency of female yellow perch exceeded those of males two-fold, however, males showed a greater capacity to catch-up to same-sex controls when undergoing CG. A feeding schedule using maintenance feeding v. food deprivation to elicit CG yielded the most rapid catch-up to control masses in the yellow perch. Such feeding schedules may produce even greater GOC than was achieved previously in hybrid sunfish, where feeding schedules involving food deprivation were employed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02343.x
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