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  • BioOne  (1)
  • British Ecological Society  (1)
  • 2000-2004  (2)
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  • 2000-2004  (2)
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  • 1
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    British Ecological Society
    In:  Journal of Ecology, 92 . pp. 1011-1018.
    Publication Date: 2019-02-06
    Description: 1 We examined whether the marine macroalga Fucus vesiculosus induces defences herbivory and, if so, which factors trigger this induction. In addition, we assessed whether induced defences are reduced after consumption stops. 2 Induced effects were measured as changes in palatability rather than changes in the chemistry of the algae. We also tested for reductions in growth rate to determine whether induced defence incurs metabolic costs. 3 We tested whether direct grazing, feeding on neighbouring plants, clipping and pre- sence of a non-grazing herbivore could trigger induction. The isopod Idotea baltica and the gastropod Littorina littorea were used as herbivores. 4 Both direct feeding of I. baltica and feeding on neighbouring plants induced chemical defence in E vesiculosus, whereas the snail L. Iittorea only induced defence by direct grazing. Simulated herbivory (clipping), or the presence of herbivores without grazing, did not lead to defence induction. All induced defences were reversed within 2 weeks of consumption ending. 5 Thus, F. vesiculosus differentiates between physical damage and natural herbivory. Furthermore, feeding by I. baltica on F. vesiculosus releases signals that trigger neigh- bouring Fucus individuals to induce defence. 6 We found no evidence that metabolic costs incurred as a consequence of induced defence were sufficient to lead to growth reduction. 7 This algal species demonstrates defence plasticity (i.e. induction and reduction of anti-herbivore defences 'on demand'), with the response depending on both grazer identity and grazing pattern matter.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-07-04
    Description: The omnivorous crayfish Procambarus clarkii fed selectively on several species of macrophytes, preferring delicate fresh plants that had filamentous or finely-branched architectures. When the macrophytes were dried, powdered, and reconstituted into an alginate gel (thus eliminating among-species differences in physical characteristics). crayfish preferences were altered; previously tough plants that were high in nitrogen and protein were preferred over previously delicate plants that were low in nitrogen and protein. Even though plant structure influences feeding decision of crayfish, the structurally identical macrophyte gels were fed upon differently, demonstrating that nonstructural traits are important feeding determinants. However, plant tissue constituents such as nitrogen, protein, phenolics, lignin, cellulose, or ash were not significantly con-elated with feeding preferences. Two high-nitrogen plants that were avoided by crayfish as fresh and as reconstituted tissue (Nuphar luteum macrophyllum and Alternanthera philoxeroides) possessed extracts that reduced crayfish feeding in laboratory assays, demonstrating that macrophyte metabolites can deter some herbivores. As is often observed with large generalist herbivores and omnivores in terrestrial and marine systems, the freshwater crayfish made feeding decisions based upon multiple plant cues (structure, nutrition, chemical defenses).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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