Note: Front Cover -- Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Why Study Continental Aquatic Systems? -- Human Utilization of Water: Pressures on a Key Resource -- What Is the Value of Water Quality? -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 2. Properties of Water -- Chemical and Physical Properties -- Relationships among Water Viscosity, Inertia, and Physical Parameters -- Movement of Water -- Forces That Move Water -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 3. Movement of Light, Heat, and Chemicals in Water -- Diffusion in Water -- Light and Heating of Water -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 4. Hydrology and Physiography of Groundwater and Wetland Habitats -- Habitats and the Hydrologic Cycle -- Movement Through Soil and Groundwater -- Wetlands -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 5. Physiography of Flowing Water -- Characterization of Streams -- Stream Flow and Geology -- Movements of Materials by Rivers and Streams -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 6. Physiography of Lakes and Reservoirs -- Formation: Geological Processes -- Lake Habitats and Morphometry -- Stratification -- Water Movement and Currents in Lakes -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 7. Types of Aquatic Organisms -- The Species Concept -- Major Taxonomic Groups -- Classification of Organisms by Functional Significance -- Organisms Found in Freshwater Systems -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 8. Microbes and Plants -- Viruses -- Archaea -- Bacteria -- Protoctista -- Fungi -- Plantae -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 9. Animals -- Invertebrates -- Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 10. Biodiversity of Freshwaters -- Measures of Diversity. , Temporal and Spatial Factors Influencing Evolution of Freshwater Organisms -- Short-Term Factors Influencing Local Distribution of Species -- Invasions of Nonnative Species -- Extinction -- What Is the Value of Freshwater Species Diversity? -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 11. Aquatic Chemistry Controlling Nutrient Cycling: Redox and O2 -- Chemicals in Freshwaters -- Redox Potential, Potential Energy, and Chemical Transformations -- Oxygen: Forms and Transformations -- Photosynthesis -- Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in the Environment -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 12. Carbon -- Forms of Carbon -- Transformations of Carbon -- A General Introduction to Nutrient Cycling and the Carbon Cycle -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 13. Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Other Nutrients -- Nitrogen -- Sulfur -- Phosphorus -- Silicon, Iron, and Other Trace Nutrient Cycles -- Gradients of Redox and Nutrient Cycles and Interactions among the Cycles -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 14. Effects of Toxic Chemicals and Other Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems -- Basic Toxicology -- Bioassessment -- Acid Precipitation -- Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants -- Organic Pollutants -- Suspended Solids -- Thermal Pollution -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 15. Unusual or Extreme Habitats -- Adaptations to Extremes -- Saline Lakes -- Hot Springs -- Cold Habitats -- Temporary Waters and Small Pools -- Ultraoligotrophic Habitats -- Deep Subsurface Habitats -- The Water Surface Layer -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 16. Nutrient Use and Remineralization -- Use of Nutrients -- Nutrient Limitation and Relative Availability -- Relative Availability of Nutrients -- Resource Ratios and Stoichiometry of Primary Producers -- Nutrient Remineralization. , Stoichiometry of Heterotrophs, Their Food, and Nutrient Remineralization -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 17. Trophic State and Eutrophication -- Definition of Trophic State -- Why Is Nutrient Pollution Resulting in Algal Blooms in Lakes Important? -- Natural and Cultural Processes of Eutrophication -- Relationships among Nutrients, Water Clarity, and Phytoplankton: Managing Eutrophication in Lakes -- Mitigating Lake Eutrophication -- Managing Eutrophication in Streams and Wetlands -- Case Studies of Eutrophication -- Eutrophication and Wetlands -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 18. Behavior and Interactions among Microorganisms and Invertebrates -- Behavior of Microorganisms -- Interaction Types in Microbial Communities -- Predation and Parasitism -- Competition -- Mutualism: Facilitation and Syntrophy -- Chemical Mediation of Microbial Interactions -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 19. Predation and Food Webs -- Herbivory -- Detritivory and Omnivory -- Adaptation to Predation Pressure -- Adaptations of Predators -- Nonlethal Effects of Predation -- Trophic Levels, Food Webs, and Food Chains -- The Trophic Cascade -- Theoretical Community Ecology and Aquatic Food Webs -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 20. Nonpredatory Interspecific Interactions among Plants and Animals in Freshwater Communities -- Competition -- Mutualism and Facilitation -- Other Species Interactions -- Complex Community Interactions -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 21. Fish Ecology and Fisheries -- Biogeographical Determinants of Fish Assemblage Diversity -- Physiological Aspects Influencing Growth, Survival, and Reproduction -- Population Dynamics of Fishes -- Regulating Exploitation of Fish Stocks -- Stocking Fish for Fisheries -- Aquaculture -- Summary -- Questions for Thought. , Chapter 22. Freshwater Ecosystems -- General Approaches to Ecosystems -- Groundwater Ecosystems -- Streams -- Lakes and Reservoirs -- Wetlands -- Comparison of Freshwater Ecosystems -- Summary -- Questions for Thought -- Chapter 23. Conclusions -- Appendix: Experimental Design in Aquatic Ecology -- Natural Experiments -- Simulation Modeling -- Manipulative Experiments -- Summary -- Glossary -- References -- Index.