Note: Front Cover -- Silicon Epitaxy: Semiconductors and Semimetals -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1. CVD Technologies For Silicon: A Quick Survey -- Abbreviations Used -- I. Introduction -- II. Bulk Polycrystalline Silicon Processes -- III. Film Deposition: Reactors -- IV. Film Deposition: Products and Chemistries -- V. Aerosol CVD -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Epitaxial Growth Theory: Vapor-phase and Surface Chemistry -- I. Introduction -- II. Development of a Detailed Kinetic Scheme -- III. Gas-phase Kinetics for Silanes and Chlorosilanes -- IV. Surface Kinetics for Silanes and Chlorosilanes -- V. Gas-phase Precursors to Deposition and Overall Kinetic Scheme -- VI. Overall Kinetic Scheme and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3. Epitaxial Growth Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies -- Abbreviations Used -- I. Introduction -- II. The Epitaxial Reactor -- III. Facilities -- IV. Process Gas and Delivery -- V. Exhaust Treatment -- VI. Equipment for Power Epitaxy -- VII. Advanced Applications -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Epitaxial Growth Techniques: Low-temperature Epitaxy -- Abbreviations Used -- I. Introduction -- II. CVD Machines -- III. Surface Treatment -- IV. Epitaxial Growth Mechanisms -- V. High-quality Si/Si1-x Gex/Si Heterostructure Growth at High Ge Fractions -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Epitaxial Growth Techniques: Molecular Beam Epitaxy -- Abbreviations Used -- I. Introduction -- II. MBE Machines -- III. Surface Treatment -- IV. Growth Mechanisms -- V. Doping -- VI. Growth of SiGe(C) Alloys -- VII. Formation of Si/Ge Heterostructures -- VIII. Growth of SiGe Buffer Layers -- IX. Selective Growth -- X. Formation of Superlattices, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots -- XI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Epitaxial Growth Modeling. , Nomenclature -- I. Introduction -- II. Detailed Modeling of Epitaxial Reactors -- III. Reduced-order Models for Epitaxial Silicon Deposition -- IV. Atomistic Aspects: Control of Crystal Morphology -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. Epitaxiai Layer Characterization and Metrology -- Abbreviations Used -- I. Introduction -- II. On Sampling and Accuracy -- III. Doping Control -- IV. Thickness Measurements -- V. Contamination and Surface Quality -- VI. Future Developments and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Epitaxy for Discrete and Power Devices -- Nomenclature -- I. Introduction -- II. General Considerations -- III. Specific Epitaxy Processes for Power and Discrete Devices -- IV. Defects and Problems -- V. Accessory Considerations -- Chapter 9. Epitaxy on Patterned Wafers -- I. Introduction -- II. Device Requirements and Process Complexity -- III. Surface Preparation: Pre-epitaxial Cleaning -- IV. Geometrical Pattern Integrity -- V. Doping Pattern Integrity -- VI. Crystal Defectivity -- VII. Conclusion: The Best Epitaxial Recipe? -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10. Si-based Alloys: SiGe and SiGe:C -- I. Introduction -- II. Applications of Si Alloys -- III. Low-temperature Surface Preparation -- IV. Process Chemistry for Si Alloy Deposition -- V. Metrology of Si1-x Gex Layers -- VI. Production Robust Si1-x Gex Processing -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 11. Silicon Epitaxy: New Applications -- I. Introduction -- II. Equipment: State of the Art -- III. Epitaxy Processes -- IV. New Applications -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes In This Series -- Color Plate Section.

Note: Front Cover -- Processing and Properties of Compound Semiconductors: Semiconductors and Semimetals -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Wet Etching -- References -- Chapter 2. Gallium Arsenide Heterostructures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal Growth and Properties of GaAs -- 3. Growth and Material Properties of GaAs Heterostructures -- 4. Physical Properties of GaAs-Based Quantum Well Structures and Superlattices -- References -- Chapter 3. Growth and Optical Properties of GaN -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gallium Nitride and its Growth on Different Substrates -- 3. Line Width and Quantum Beats in GaN -- 4. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of GaN Epilayers -- 5. p-GaN -- 6. n-GaN -- 7. Optical Pumping and Lasing in GaN Epilayers and Heterostructures -- 8. GaN Quantum Wells -- References -- Chapter 4. SiGe/Si Processing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. SiGe/Si Material Properties and Processing Challenges -- References -- Chapter 5. Advances in Quantum Dot Structures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Properties -- 3. State of the Art -- References -- Chapter 6. Wet Etching of III-V Semiconductors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Semiconductor Electrochemistry: Basic Principles and Experimental Methods -- 3. Types of Etching Reactions -- 4. Some Solid-State and Electrochemical Data on III-V Semiconductors -- 5. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Etching Reactions at III-V Semiconductors -- 6. Material-Selective Etching -- 7. Etch Morphologies and Profiles -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in This Series.

Note: Preliminaries -- Contents -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF TABLES -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEREGULATION AND MARKETS IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY -- 3. DECISION MAKING AND UNCERTAINTIES IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY -- 4, MODELLING ELECTRICITY PRICES -- 5. MODELING COMPETITION IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY -- 6. OPTIMIZING GENERATION AND TRADING PORTFOLIOS -- 7. RISK MANAGEMENT AND RISK CONTROLLING -- 8. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT - WITH APPLICATION TO FUEL CELLS -- 9. INVESTMENT DECISIONS -- 10. FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- The Author -- Contributors -- Table of Contents -- Section 1: Crystalline Materials -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Physical Properties -- 1.2.1 Isotropic Crystals -- 1.2.2 Uniaxial Crystals -- 1.2.3 Biaxial Crystals -- 1.3 Optical Properties -- 1.3.1 Isotropic Crystals -- 1.3.2 Uniaxial Crystals -- 1.3.3 Biaxial Crystals -- 1.3.4 Dispersion Formulas for Refractive Index -- 1.3.5 Thermooptic Coefficients -- 1.4 Mechanical Properties -- 1.4.1 Elastic Constants -- 1.4.2 Elastic Moduli -- 1.4.3 Engineering Data -- 1.5 Thermal Properties -- 1.5.1 Melting Point, Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, Conductivity -- 1.5.2 Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity for Selected Solids -- 1.5.3 Debye Temperature -- 1.6 Magnetooptic Properties -- 1.6.1 Diamagnetic Crystals -- 1.6.2 Paramagnetic Crystals -- 1.6.3 Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, and Ferrimagnetic Crystals -- 1.7 Electrooptic Properties -- 1.7.1 Linear Electrooptic Coefficients -- 1.7.2 Quadratic Electrooptic Materials -- 1.8 Elastrooptic Properties -- 1.8.1 Elastooptic Coefficients -- 1.8.2 Acoustooptic Materials -- 1.9 Nonlinear Optical Properties -- 1.9.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index -- 1.9.2 Two-Photon Absorption -- 1.9.3 Second Harmonic Generation Coefficients -- 1.9.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients -- 1.9.5 Optical Phase Conjugation Materials -- Section 2: Glasses -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Commercial Optical Glasses -- 2.2.1 Optical Properties -- 2.2.2 Internal Transmittance -- 2.2.3 Mechanical Properties -- 2.2.4 Thermal Properties -- 2.3 Specialty Optical Glasses -- 2.3.1 Optical Properties -- 2.3.2 Mechanical Properties -- 2.3.3 Thermal Properties -- 2.4 Fused Silica -- 2.5 Fluoride Glasses -- 2.5.1 Fluorozirconate Glasses -- 2.5.2 Fluorohafnate Glasses -- 2.5.3 Other Fluoride Glasses -- 2.6 Chalcogenide Glasses. , 2.7 Magnetooptic Properties -- 2.7.1 Diamagnetic Glasses -- 2.7.2 Paramagnetic Glasses -- 2.8 Electrooptic Properties -- 2.9 Elastooptic Properties -- 2.10 Nonlinear Optical Properties -- 2.10.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index -- 2.10.2 Two-Photon Absorption -- 2.10.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients -- 2.10.4 Brillouin Phase Conjugation -- 2.11 Special Glasses -- 2.11.1 Filter Glasses -- 2.11.2 Laser Glasses -- 2.11.3 Faraday Rotator Glasses -- 2.11.4 Gradient-Index Glasses -- 2.11.5 Mirror Substrate Glasses -- 2.11.6 Athermal Glasses -- 2.11.7 Acoustooptic Glasses -- 2.11.8 Abnormal Dispersion Glasses -- Section 3: Polymeric Materials -- 3.1 Optical Plastics -- 3.2 Index of Refraction -- 3.3 Nonlinear Optical Properties -- 3.4 Thermal Properties -- 3.5 Engineering Data -- Section 4: Metals -- 4.1 Physical Properties of Selected Metals -- 4.2 Optical Properties -- 4.3 Mechanical Properties -- 4.4 Thermal Properties -- 4.5 Mirror Substrate Materials -- Section 5: Liquids -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water -- 5.2.1 Physical Properties -- 5.2.2 Absorption -- 5.2.3 Index of Refraction -- 5.3 Physical Properties of Selected Liquids -- 5.3.1 Thermal Conductivity -- 5.3.2 Viscosity -- 5.3.3 Surface Tension -- 5.3.4 Absorption -- 5.4 Index of Refraction -- 5.4.1 Organic Liquids -- 5.4.2 Inorganic Liquids -- 5.4.3 Calibration Liquids -- 5.4.4 Abnormal Dispersion Liquids -- 5.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties -- 5.5.1 Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections -- 5.5.2 Nonlinear Refraction -- 5.5.3 Kerr Constants -- 5.5.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients -- 5.5.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering -- 5.5.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering -- 5.6 Magnetooptic Properties -- 5.6.1 Verdet Constants of Inorganic Liquids -- 5.6.2 Verdet Constants of Organic Liquids -- 5.6.3 Dispersion of the Verdet Constants -- 5.7 Commercial Optical Liquids -- Section 6: Gases. , 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physical Properties of Selected Gases -- 6.3 Index of Refraction -- 6.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties -- 6.4.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index -- 6.4.2 Two-Photon Absorption -- 6.4.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients -- 6.4.4 Stimulated Raman Scattering -- 6.4.5 Brillouin Phase Conjugation -- 6.5 Magnetooptic Properties -- 6.6 Atomic Resonance Filters -- Appendices -- Appendix I Safe Handling of Optical Materials -- Appendix II Abbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms, and Mineralogical or Common Names of Optical Materials -- Appendix III Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films -- Appendix IV Fundamental Physical Constants -- Appendix V Units and Conversion Factors -- Index.

Note: OPTICAL SCIENCES 77 -- Solid-State lasers for Materials Processing -- Copyright -- Preface -- Preface to the German Edition -- Contents -- List of Symbols -- Introduction -- Part I Theoretical Background -- 1 Fundamentals of Solid-State Lasers -- 2 Gaussian Optics -- 3 Resonators -- 4 Thermal Effects -- Part II Technical Realization -- 5 Beam Source -- 6 Gas Discharge Lamps -- 7 Excitation by Diodes -- 8 Electrical Circuits -- 9 Optics -- 10 Material Processing -- Part III Data and Specifications -- 11 Laser Materials -- 12 Laser Crystals -- 13 Laser Glasses -- 14 Material Data -- 15 Tables and Constants -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Animal Models in Bacteriology -- Animal Models in Virology -- Animal Models in Parasitology -- Animal Models in Mycology -- The Use of Animal Models in the Development of Classical Vaccines -- Revealing the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Bacterial Infectious Diseases Using Bioluminescent Pathogens and Whole Body Imaging -- Alternatives to Animal Testing in Microbiology and Infectiology -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Scientific Computation -- Radiation in Enclosures -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical Model -- 3 Some Computational Methods -- 4 Mathematical Model -- 5 Numerical Approximation -- 6 Simulations in Specific Cases -- 7 Spectral Properties of Gases -- 8 Application to Industrial Furnace -- 9 Radiation in Scattering Media -- 10 Conclusion -- Nomenclature -- References -- Index.

Note: Electron paramagnetic resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Biological Free Radicals -- 1 Introduction and Scope of Review -- 2 Metal Ions -- 2.1 Iron -- 2.2 Copper -- 2.3 Cobalt -- 2.4 Chromium -- 2.5 Other Metal Ions -- 3 Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases -- 4 Peroxides -- 5 Ethanol -- 6 Halogenated Compounds -- 7 Thiols -- 8 Phenols and Quinones -- 9 Nitro and Nitroso Compounds -- 10 Amines and Related Species -- 11 Environmental and Atmospheric Pollutants -- 12 Oxidants Generated by Activated White Cells -- 13 Protein-derived Radicals -- 14 Nitric Oxide -- 15 Peroxynitrite -- 16 Photobiology -- 17 Ascorbyl Radical -- 17.1 Biochemical and In vivo Studies -- 17.2 Ex vivo, In vivo and Clinical Studies -- 18 Use of Nitrones as Inhibitors of Radical-mediated Biological Damage -- 18.1 Teratogenesis -- 18.2 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 18.3 Xenobiotics -- 19 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 19.1 Brain -- 19.2 Heart -- 19.3 Kidney -- 19.4 Liver -- 20 Assessment of Antioxidant Activity by Spin Trapping -- 21 Recent Developments in Spin Trapping Technology -- References -- Chapter 2 Recent EPR Studies on the Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centre -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Primary Electron Donor, P -- 2.1 The Electronic Structure of P+, Part I: Hyperfine Couplings -- 2.2 The Electronic Structure of P+, Part II: g-Tensor -- 2.3 The Primary Electron Donor Triplet State -- 3 The Intermediate Electron Acceptor, ΦA -- 4 Quinone Acceptors -- 5 Radical Pairs -- 5.1 The Primary Radical Pair, P+ΦA -- 5.2 The Secondary Radical Pair, P+QA- -- 5.2.1 Radical Pair EPR Spectra -- 5.2.2 Coherence Phenomena -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 FT-EPR and Pulsed ENDOR Studies of Encapsulated Atoms and Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Noble Gases inside Fullerenes -- 3 Endohedral Metallofullerenes (MF) -- 3.1 Mono-Metallofullerenes. , 3.2 Di- and Multi-Metallofullerenes -- 4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Fullerenes -- 5 Clusters in Fullerenes -- 6 Hydrogen in Silasesquioxane Cages -- 7 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 EPR Imaging -- 1 Introduction -- 2 EPR Imaging Technique Development -- 2.1 PEDRI and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) -- 2.2 Longitudinal Detection -- 2.3 Pulsed EPR Imaging -- 2.4 Force Microscopy -- 2.5 Gradients -- 2.6 Instrumentation for CW Imaging -- 2.7 Spin Probes -- 2.8 Image Reconstruction -- 2.9 Multi-component Spectra -- 2.10 Frequency Dependence of EPR Sensitivity -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 Diffusion -- 3.2 In vivo -- 3.3 Radiation-induced Radicals -- 3.4 Materials Science -- 3.5 Geology -- 4 Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 5 Pulsed and Time-Resolved EPR Studies of Transient Radicals, Radical Pairs and Excited States in Photochemical Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radicals -- 2.1 The Mechanism of the Exchange Reaction in Short-lived Radical Pairs -- 2.2 Spin Polarization Mechanisms -- 2.2.1 The Spin-Orbit Coupling Mechanism or the Reversed Triplet Mechanism -- 2.2.2 The Radical Triplet Pair Mechanism -- 2.2.3 Electron Spin Polarization Transfer -- 2.2.4 The Radical Pair Mechanism -- 2.2.5 Anomalous Polarization -- 2.3 Dynamics and Reaction Mechanisms -- 3 Radical Pairs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Time-Resolved EPR -- 3.3 Reaction Yield Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.3.1 Fluorescence Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.3.2 Transient Absorption Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.3.3 Photoconductivity Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.4 Radical Pairs in Electron Transfer Systems Involving Diad and Triad Structures -- 4 Excited States -- 4.1 Excited Triplet States -- 4.1.1 Triplets in Solution -- 4.1.2 Triplets in Novel Environments -- 4.1.3 New Experimental Methods -- 4.1.4 Triplets in the Solid State. , 4.2 Excited Multiplet States -- 4.2.1 History and Theory -- 4.2.2 The Two Dimensional Nutation Technique -- 4.2.3 Recent Progress -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Progress in High Field EPR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Techniques -- 2.1 High Field Spectrometers -- 2.2 Very High Field EPR -- 2.3 Sensitivity -- 2.4 Quasi-Optics -- 2.5 Magnet Systems -- 2.6 Sources -- 2.7 Detection Systems -- 2.8 Resonator Systems -- 2.8.1 Single-Mode Resonators -- 2.8.2 Fabry-Perot Systems -- 2.8.3 Non-Resonant Bucket Systems -- 2.8.4 Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators -- 2.9 Calibration of g-Factor -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 g-Factor Resolution -- 3.1.1 Radicals in Biological Systems -- 3.1.2 ESEEM and ENDOR -- 3.1.3 Dynamics and Spin Labels -- 3.1.4 Defect and Impurity Centres -- 3.2 Multi-electron Spin Systems -- 3.2.1 Radical Pairs -- 3.2.2 High-spin Metal Complexes -- 3.2.3 Dinuclear Complexes and Clusters -- 3.2.4 High-spin Transition Metal Ions in Biology -- 3.3 Correlated Electron and Other Related Systems -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 EPR Spin-Labelling and Spin-Probe Studies of Self-assembled Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ionic Surfactants -- 2.1 Direct Micelles -- 2.1.1 Perfluorinated Surfactants -- 2.2 Reverse Micelles -- 3 Non-ionic Surfactants -- 3.1 Direct Micelles -- 3.2 Reverse Micelles -- 4 Electron Spin Echo Modulation (ESEM) Studies -- 5 Liquid Crystalline Phases -- 6 Self-Assembling Polymers -- 7 Surfactant-Polymer Interactions -- 8 Other EPR Techniques -- References -- Chapter 8 EPR and ENDOR of Metalloproteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Copper -- 2.1 'Blue' Copper Sites -- 2.2 Type 2 Copper Sites -- 2.3 Binuclear Sites and Multi-centred Copper Proteins -- 3 Iron -- 3.1 Non-Heme Iron Proteins -- 3.2 Heme Iron Proteins -- 3.3 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 4 Nickel -- 5 Molybdenum and Tungsten -- 6 Vanadium. , 7 Manganese -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Author Index.