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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background πβ-endorphin is a derivative of pro-opiomelanocortin. Cells of the immune system can also synthesize and secrete β-endorphin. Its concentration is increased during the allergic reaction and during stress. Increased reactivity during psychological stress of allergic subjects is also well known.Objective Is β-endorphin one physiological link between stress and an exacerbation of the allergic reaction?Methods First, intranasal β-endorphin challenges with subsequent lavages to determine histamine and albumin levels and measurements of nasal flow and resistance in dose-response and time course experiments were performed. Secondly, we examined whether β-endorphin pre-treatment increased the antigen-induced release of histamine and albumin in nasal lavages and the clinical symptoms.Results Exogenous β-endorphin (100 pM−10 µM/mL) induced a dose-dependent increase in nasal symptoms in asymptomatic allergic subjects with rhinitis (n = 14) as well as in non-allergic controls (n = 10), but did not release any mediators into nasal secretion. However, comparing the antigen-evoked release of mediators into nasal secretions with that of a β-endorphin pre-treated antigen challenge we could note a significant enhancement of human serum albumin influx (P 〈 0.05) and histamine liberation (P 〈 0.05) 10 min after antigen challenge compared with the allergen challenge alone, with also a correlation with the more pronounced decrease in nasal flow (P 〈 0.05).Conclusion These results suggest that β-endorphin-induced increase in nasal congestion is mediated through direct neuroendocrine receptor activation independent of mast cell activation and that during the allergic reaction there is a β-endorphin/mast cell interaction that enhances the mediator response to nasal allergen challenge.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The neurotrophins Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophin (NT)-3 are produced, stored and released by various immunological cells. The influence of NTs upon the function of these cells is described. Elevated plasma levels were found in inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic diseases with the highest levels in allergic asthma. A connection between bronchial hyper-responsiveness and serum levels has been reported.Objective Little is known about the influence of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on serum NT levels and their influence on the asthmatic state.Methods Eighty-seven volunteers were studied. Thirty-eight were stable allergic asthmatics with constant ICS doses, 29 were asthmatics not receiving anti-asthmatic treatment and 20 were age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Demographic and lung function data were evaluated. NT serum levels were determined by ELISA.Results NGF and BDNF levels were significantly increased in untreated asthmatics compared to the control and the treated group, while NT-3 demonstrated significantly higher levels in treated asthmatics compared to healthy controls. After stabilization of untreated subjects with ICS, the NT levels decreased significantly.Conclusions These results suggest that NTs participate in allergic inflammation and asthma. Effective treatment leads to a decrease of circulating neurotrophic factors.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Recent studies have shown that neurotrophins are produced by and can act on several immune-inflammatory cells. The origin of circulating as well as local neurotrophins is unknown.Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether eosinophils of allergic and non-allergic donors produce, store and release the neurotrophic factors NGF, BDNF and NT-3.Methods Eosinophils were purified by negative immunoselection (purity 〉 96%) from allergic asthmatics and non-allergic donors (25 to 53 years). The presence of mRNA for neurotrophic factors was evaluated by reverse transcription PCR. Specificity was demonstrated by cloning products and sequencing. Stored NGF, BDNF and NT-3 was demonstrated by Western-blotting and flow cytometry. Eosinophils were incubated and supernatants were collected for measurement of neurotrophic factors after cell stimulation with PAF. Neurotrophin content in eosinophil lysates was determined by ELISA.Results Eosinophils demonstrate mRNA for neurotrophins. Proteins were detectable by Western blot and FACS analysis. Neurotrophins were found in the eosinophil lysates at different amounts comparing allergic and non-allergic donors. Cell stimulation with PAF (10-8–10-5 M) after priming with GM-CSF leads to a dose-dependant release of NGF and BDNF.Conclusions Eosinophils store, produce and release NGF, BDNF and NT-3. They are a possible source of elevated neurotrophin levels found in allergy and asthma.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Recent studies have shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) can act on several immune cells as well as residential cells. But little is known about their role in modulating eosinophil function via activation of high-affinity receptors.Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether eosinophils express functional receptors and if their function is influenced by NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3).Methods Eosinophils were purified by negative immunoselection (purity 〉 96%). High-affinity neurotrophin receptors were demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and flow-cytometry analysis. Functionality of receptors was demonstrated by receptor phosphorylation after ligand binding. Eosinophils were incubated with NGF, BDNF and NT-3, and cells and supernatants were collected for measurement of the mediators IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX) as well as eosinophil viability.Results Eosinophils expressed mRNA for neurotrophin receptors. Proteins were detectable by western blot and fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis. The receptors were phosphorylated after stimulation with neurotrophins. After NGF stimulation, a significant increase in IL-4 was detectable. BDNF and NT-3 stimulation led to a significant increase in EPX. Eosinophil viability was not influenced.Conclusions Eosinophils express the functionally active receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Receptor activation stimulates eosinophils. This might be an additional pathway regulating inflammatory responses in allergic reactions.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Key words:Neuropeptides - Substance P - Allergic rhinitis - Histamine release - Nasal mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Objective and Design: There is evidence that substance P (SP) is involved in events related to allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, some effects of SP seem to be greater in subjects suffering from allergic rhinitis than in non-allergic subjects. To investigate if these effects may be partly mediated by histamine release (HR) we studied the influence of SP on HR from nasal mucosa of subjects with and without allergic rhinitis using an in vitro organ culture system.¶Subjects: Nasal mucosa of the inferior turbinate was obtained from ten patients suffering from allergic rhinitis and eighteen non-allergic subjects receiving surgical therapy for nasal obstruction.¶Methods: Tissue samples of nasal mucosa were stimulated with 10-5 M SP or with 10-5 M Ca-ionophore A23187 for 120 minutes, and the histamine content was determined in the culture supernatant.¶Results: Both SP and Ca-ionophore A23187, caused a significantly higher HR from the samples of the non-allergic group (p〈0.01) compared to baseline controls (spontaneous release). The same effect was seen in the allergic group (p〈0.01 and p=0.036). Comparing the increase in HR from allergic and non-allergic mucosa, in allergics the HR stimulated by SP was significantly higher (p=0.031), whereas Ca-ionophore A23187 did not show this effect.¶Conclusion: These findings suggest a role of SP in inducing release of histamine from human nasal mucosa, thereby influencing physiologic and pathophysiologic nasal conditions, especially in allergic inflammatory processes.¶
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 739-747 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy ; venous admixture ; Bradykinine ; Hypertrophe pulmonale Osteoarthropathie ; venöse Beimischung ; Bradykinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei insgesamt 34 Patienten mit Uhrglasnägeln und Trommelschlegelfingern wurden Spirometrie sowie blutgasanalytische Untersuchungen bei Luft- und reiner O2-Atmung durchgeführt. Aus den gemessenen Daten wurden die alveolar-arterielle O2-Druckdifferenz mit ihren Teilkomponenten (Beimischungsgradient, Diffusions-Belüftungsgradient) sowie die Zumischung venösen Blutes zum arteriellen Blut berechnet. Gegenüber dem Normalkollektiv werden folgende statistisch signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt: 1. Periphere arterielle Hypoxämie. 2. Die AaDO2 ist bei Luft- und reiner O2-Atmung erhöht. 3. Die Beimischung venösen Blutes zum arteriellen Blut ist erhöht. 4. Der Anteil, um den die AaDO2 bei Luftatmung erhöht ist, wird ausschließlich durch den Beimischungsgradienten bedingt. 5. Spirometrisch besteht eine restriktive Ventilationsstörung mit Atemstimulation. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse wird gefolgert, daß die erhöhte venöse Beimischung Voraussetzung für die Entstehung von Fingerveränderungen im Sinne einer hypertrophen pulmonalen Osteoarthropathie ist. Die Entstehung der HPO wird mit der Wirkung einer vasoaktiven Substanz (Bradykinin) erklärt, die normalerweise in der Lunge inaktiviert wird. Der humorale Entstehungsmechanismus der HPO ist bis heute für die Vielfalt der Erkrankungen, die diese Symptomentrias aufweisen können, der einzige befriedigende Erklärungsversuch.
    Notes: Summary In 34 patients with “Uhrglasnägel” (watch glass nails) and clubbed fingers spirometry and blood gas studies were carried out under room-air and O2-breathing. Alveolar-arterial O2-difference with its components and venous admixture were calculated. In comparison to a group of normal subjects the following statistically significant differences were found: 1. peripheral arterial hypoxemia 2. increased AaDO2 under room-air and O2-breathing 3. increased venous admixture 4. the increased AaDO2 during room-air-breathing is completely explained by venous admixture 5. There is a restriction in total-lung-capacity and breathing-stimulation. It is postulated that the increased venous admixture is necessary for the development of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO). The results favour the humoral theory. The discussed vasoactive substance probably is Bradykinin. To date this theory is the only sufficient explanation for the development of HPO in various underlying diseases.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lung 144 (1971), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei insgesamt 34 Patienten mit Uhrglasnägeln bzw. Trommelschlegelfingern bei unterschiedlichen Grundkrankheiten (extra- und intrapulmonal) wurde die venöse Beimischung bestimmt. Gegenüber dem Normalkollektiv fand sich eine statistisch signifikante Erhöhung (Abb. 1) der AaDO2, der venösen Beimischung und des Beimischungsgradienten der AaDO2 bei Luftatmung. Die Bedeutung dieser blutgasanalytischen Besonderheiten wird diskutiert. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen nervaler und humoraler Entstehung von Trommelschlegelfingern werden besprochen. Die Entstehung wird auf das vasoaktive Polypeptid Bradykinin zurückgeführt. Diese Annahme wird durch einen eindrucksvollen klinischen Fall untermauert.
    Notes: Abstract In 34 patients with “Uhrglasnägel” or clubbed fingers with various underlying disease the venous admixture was determined. In comparison to the normal patients there was a statistically significant increase in AaDO2, venous admixture and the admixing gradient of the AaDO2 during normal breathing. The importance of these blood-gas changes is discussed. The relationship between the nerval and humoral development of clubbed fingers is explicated. The development of clubbed fingers is caused by the vasoactive polypeptide Bradykinin. A clinical case is demonstrated to support this conclusion.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 226 (1980), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Nasenpolypen ; Rhinitis allergica ; Nasal polyps ; Nasal allergy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A safe differentiation between allergic and non-allergic polyps appears impossible by means of light or electron microscopical examination of polyp tissue. There are some indications, however, which point to the allergic or non-allergic origin and it seems that the relationship between eosinophils and plasma cells with a low index is characteristic for polyps of allergic origin. Eosinophils and round-cell infiltrations are present in all types of polyps. An index of eosinophils to plasma cells below 5 is indicative for allergy and should induce the pathologist to give a hint to the clinician for allergological work-up. An index above 5 is more corresponding with infective etiology. Any changes of the basement membrane, i.e., smaller or larger gaps or even absence, are found only very irregularly and are not typical findings in either way. An increased number of glands and collagenic fibres, especially under the epithelium, are more an expression of the age of the polyp. Since the conservative therapy as mentioned above leads to good therapeutical results, it is desirable that an allergological work-up should be done in any case which shows the histological findings indicative for allergic etiology. Thus, repeated operations with all the risks and uncertain therapeutical benefit can be avoided.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Eine exakte Differenzierung zwischen allergischen und nichtallergischen Polypen erscheint mittels licht- oder elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchung vom Polypgewebe unmöglich. Es gibt jedoch einige Anzeichen, welche die allergische oder nichtallergische Ätiologie anzeigen und es scheint, daß das Verhalten zwischen Eosinophilen und Plasmazellen mit einem niedrigen Index charakteristisch für Polypen allergischer Ursache ist. Eosinophile und Rundzellinfiltrationen sind in allen Typen von Polypen vorhanden. Der Index Eosinophiler zu Plasmazellen unter 5 zeigt eine Allergie an; ein solcher Befund sollte den Pathologen veranlassen, dem Kliniker einen Hinweis zu geben, daß eine allergologische Untersuchung vorgenommen werden sollte. Ein Index über 5 korrespondiert mehr mit infektiver bzw. nichtallergischer Ätiologie. 2. Veränderungen an der Basalmembran, wie kleine oder größere Gaps oder auch Fehlen der Basalmembran treten selten auf und sind keine typischen Befunde der einen oder der anderen Art von Polypen. 3. Eine zunehmende Zahl der Glandulae mucosae und der kollagenen Fasern, besonders unter dem Epithelium, sind mehr Ausdruck des Alters des Polyps als einer der Ätiologie. 4. Da die konservative Therapie, wie eingangs erwähnt, zu guten Resultaten führt, ist es wünschenswert, daß eine allergologische Diagnostik in den Fällen von Polypen vorgenommen wird, bei denen die histo-morphologischen Befunde für eine allergische Ätiologie sprechen. So könnten wiederholte Operationen mit all den Risiken und unsicherem therapeutischen Nutzen häufig vermieden werden.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
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