Note: COVER -- APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: Principles and Practice -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PLATES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE EMERGENCE OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- INTRODUCTION: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND EVERYDAY LIFE -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY -- DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- ATMOSPHERIC CONCERN AND AWARENESS -- CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 1: APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: THE 'TOOLS' OF RESEARCH -- 2 GROUND AND REMOTELY SENSED MEASUREMENTS -- INTRODUCTION: DATA REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES -- A COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION -- THE OLD-STYLE INSTRUMENTS -- THE NEW GENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- INTRODUCTION: THE VALUE OF STATISTICS -- TIME SERIES ANALYSIS -- SPATIAL ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 CLIMATE MODELS -- INTRODUCTION: MODELLING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM -- GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS -- CLIMATE IMPACT MODELS -- INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELS -- CLIMATE MODEL EVALUATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION: ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- CURRENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS -- INTEGRATION OF AIR ISSUES -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 2: CLIMATE AND THE PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 6 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND WATER RESOURCES -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 GLACIERS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND GLACIERS -- GLACIER TYPES: PHYSICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS. , GLACIERS: CONSTITUENT ZONES AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- THE CONVERSION OF SNOW TO GLACIER ICE AND THE ROLE OF CLIMATE -- GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY -- CLIMATE AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND LANDFORMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 SOILS -- INTRODUCTION: SOIL CLIMATE -- THE SOIL -- THE SOIL ATMOSPHERE -- SOIL CLIMATE -- CLIMATE AND SOIL GEOGRAPHY -- SOILS AND THE GREENHOUSE GASES -- EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 VEGETATION -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND VEGETATION -- VEGETATION COMMUNITIES IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TODAY -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IN THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 ANIMAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND LIFE -- ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE -- BIOCLIMATIC ZONES -- CLIMATIC INSTABILITY -- SOURCES OF ENERGY -- BIOCHEMICAL ACCLIMATIZATION -- ECTOTHERMY AND ENDOTHERMY -- THE ECTOTHERM WAY -- THE ENDOTHERM WAY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 3: CLIMATE AND THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 12 COMFORT, CLOTHING AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION: HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT -- HOMEOTHERMY AND ADAPTATION -- THE HUMAN ENERGY BALANCE -- THERMAL STRESS ESTIMATES -- THE CLOTHING ENVELOPE -- THERMAL COMFORT -- ACCLIMATIZATION -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 TOWN PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -- HOT, HUMID CLIMATES -- HOT, ARID CLIMATES -- COLD CLIMATES - POLAR REGIONS -- OTHER CLIMATES -- APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE, INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. , LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES -- INDUSTRY OPERATION -- CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS -- COMMERCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15 TRANSPORT SYSTEMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT SERVICES -- AIR TRANSPORT -- RAIL TRANSPORT -- ROAD TRANSPORT -- WATER TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 16 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES -- INTRODUCTION: NATURE AND RATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- CLIMATIC FACTORS REGULATING CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- RESPONSES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES -- CROP PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CLIMATE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- FISHERIES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 17 FORESTRY -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND FORESTS -- CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABLE FORESTS -- DYNAMICAL PERCEPTIONS -- SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 18 RECREATION AND TOURISM -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE-LEISURE INTERACTIONS -- WEATHER AND LEISURE PARTICIPATION -- WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR THE TOURIST INDUSTRY -- CLIMATE CHANGE, TOURISM AND RECREATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 19 POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPACTS -- POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- SOCIAL ASPECTS -- LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 THE ENERGY SECTOR -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND ENERGY SUPPLY -- WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY -- ENERGY RESOURCES -- TRANSPORTATION OF ENERGY -- ENERGY CONVERSION -- ENERGY DEMAND -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 4: THE CHANGING CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- 21 URBAN CLIMATES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF URBAN CLIMATES -- IMPACTS OF URBAN CLIMATES ON GEC -- IMPACTS OF GEC ON URBAN CLIMATE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 22 AIR POLLUTION -- INTRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIZATION OF AIR POLLUTION -- GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. , CONTINENTAL-SCALE POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- URBAN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 23 CLIMATIC EXTREMES AS A HAZARD TO HUMANS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC EXTREMES, HAZARDS AND DISASTERS -- IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 24 CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORY AND THE FUTURE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND HUMAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES -- INTO THE MEDIEVAL OPTIMUM -- INTO THE LITTLE ICE AGE -- POST·1850 CLIMATIC AMELIORATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 5: OVERVIEW -- 25 CONCLUSIONS AND SYNTHESIS -- INTRODUCTION: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES REASSESSED -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RESPONSES OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- THE MONETARY IMPACT AND VALUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1- Introduction -- Evolution of Quaternary climate -- Magnetic contributors to sediments, soils, dusts and organic tissues -- A tool kit for the environmental magnetist -- Magnetic parameters -- Instrumentation -- Measurement techniques -- Magnetic units -- Magnetic properties of natural crystals -- Magnetic discrimination -- Magnetic modelling -- Magnetic investigations in Quaternary contexts -- References -- 2- The North Atlantic as a Quaternary magnetic archive -- Introduction -- Magnetism and climate in the North Atlantic -- Heinrich layers -- Mechanisms for generating Heinrich events -- The relationship between Heinrich layers and climate -- Heinrich layers and sediment sources -- Magnetic signatures of Heinrich layers -- Proximal sedimentation: the magnetic signature of Heinrich layers from the Labrador Sea -- Geographic variation in magnetic properties and the signature of Heinrich events -- Conclusions -- References -- 3- Palaeomonsoons I: the magnetic record of palaeoclimate in the terrestrial loess and palaeosol sequences -- Introduction -- The East Asian summer and winter monsoons -- Sources of the loess? -- Chronology of the Chinese loess and soil sequences -- The magnetic properties of the Chinese loess-soil sequences -- Morphology and source of the loess/soil magnetic minerals. -- The present day connection between climate and soil magnetism -- Palaeoclimate from palaeosusceptibility -- Soil chronofunctions -- Palaeoclimate reconstructions -- Other approaches to palaeoclimatic reconstruction from the Chinese loess and soils. -- Alternative views -- Magnetism-palaeosol relationships in other parts of the world -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 4- Palaeomonsoons II: magnetic records of aeolian dust in Quaternary sediments of the Indian Ocean -- Introduction -- Palaeowinds from dust records in deep-sea sediments -- Central North Atlantic -- Aeolian flux to the north-west and central Pacific -- Magnetic susceptibility as a record of aeolian dust in Indian Ocean sediments -- Paramagnetic/diamagnetic contributions to magnetic susceptibility -- Zone 1 (0-1.7 m) -- Zone 2 (1.7 m-~7 m) -- Zone 3 (7-10.5 m) -- Zone 4 (10.5-~22 m) -- Zone 5 (~22-90 m) -- Magnetic mineralogy from magnetic extracts -- Mineralogy of the magnetic extracts -- Magnetic mineralogy of magnetic zones 1-5 -- Source of the paramagnetic susceptibility signal -- Source of the Owen Ridge magnetic susceptibility signal -- Summary -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5- Bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- Introduction -- Ecology and physiology of magnetogenic bacteria -- Magnetotactic bacteria -- Dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria -- Ecology -- Identification of bacterial magnetosomes in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Magnetic identification -- Identification of bacterial magnetite by microscopy -- Bacterial magnetite in Quaternary sediments -- Marine sediments -- Conclusions: bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- References -- 6- Incidence and significance of magnetic iron sulphides in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Introduction -- The structural properties of the iron-sulphide system -- Physical structures and low temperature phase fields -- Magnetic properties of the ferrimagnetic iron sulphides -- Greigite -- Monoclinic pyrrhotite -- Occurrences of ferrimagnetic iron sulphides in freshwater sediments and terrestrial environments -- Palaeosalinity in the Baltic -- Iron sulphides in marine sediments. , Chemical remanent magnetizations carried by iron sulphides: magnetostratigraphic conundrums -- Self-reversal of iron sulphides -- The future -- Methods -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7- Holocene environmental change from magnetic proxies in lake sediments -- Introduction -- Lough Neagh revisited -- Sources of magnetic minerals in lake sediments -- Holocene susceptibility trends -- Long term decreasing or stationary trend -- Long term increasing trend -- Recent records -- Detrital records -- Dilution effects -- Particle-size -- Sediment sources -- Mixing models -- Core correlation and sediment loads -- Magnetic properties as records of diagenesis or authigenesis. -- Magnetic proxies of climate change through glacial-interglacial cycles -- Records of atmospheric deposition -- Fire histories and tephra deposits -- Pollution records -- Final comments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8- Magnetic monitoring of air-, land- and water-pollution -- Introduction -- Atmospheric pollutants -- Heavy metals in fly-ashes -- Magnetic minerals associated with atmospheric particulates -- Magnetic properties of coal-fired airborne particles -- Magnetic minerals, heavy metals and road traffic -- Magnetic airborne particles and identification of pollution sources -- Occupational exposure -- Magnetic mapping of atmospheric deposition of pollution -- Soil magnetometry and anthropogenic pollution -- Magnetic measurements on miscellaneous carriers of airborne particles -- Magnetic properties and pollution of fluvial and marine sediments -- Miscellaneous ('non-industrial pollution') -- Extraterrestrial versus volcanic magnetite -- Eolian sedimentation and iron contribution to aerosols -- Coupling between magnetic minerals and heavy metals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 9- Environmental factors affecting geomagnetic field palaeointensity estimates from sediments -- Introduction -- Sediment palaeointensity normalization techniques -- Holocene palaeointensity estimates -- Late Pleistocene palaeointensity estimates -- Brunhes palaeointensity estimates -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 10- Magnetic cyclostratigraphy: high-resolution dating in and beyond the Quaternary and analysis of periodic changes in… -- Introduction -- Orbital cycles and astronomical time-scales -- The orbital cycles -- A breakthrough in geological dating: astronomical time-scales for the late Neogene -- Cyclicity and diagenesis within the marine sedimentary environment -- Cyclic variations in diagenetic conditions -- Sapropels -- Bed-to-bed, marine-continental correlations -- The early Pliocene Ptolemais formation -- Synthesis: conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.

Note: Lecture Notes in Computer Science -- Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware -- Copyright -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Automatic Synthesis, Placement, and Routing of an Amplifier Circuit by Means of Genetic Programming -- Immunotronics : Hardware Fault Tolerance Inspired by the Immune System -- Ant Colony System for the Design of Combinational Logic Circuits -- Evolving Cellular Automata for Self-Testing Hardware -- Dynamic Optimisation of Non-linear Feed-Forward Circuits -- From the Sea to the Sidewalk: The Evolution of Hexapod Walking Gaits by a Genetic Algorithm -- Experiments in Evolvable Filter Design using Pulse Based Programmable Analogue VLSI Models -- The Intrinsic Evolution of Virtex Devices Through Internet Reconfigurable Logic -- Evolution of Controllers from a High-Level Simulator to a High DOF Robot -- The Evolution of 3-d C.A. to Perform a Collective Behavior Task -- Initial Evaluation of an Evolvable Microwave Circuit -- Towards an Artificial Pinna for a Narrow-Band Biomimetic Sonarhead -- Towards a Silicon Primordial Soup: A Fast Approach to Hardware Evolution with a VLSI Transistor Array -- Understanding Inherent Qualities of Evolved Circuits: Evolutionary History as a Predictor of Fault Tolerance -- Comparison between Three Heuristic Algorithms to Repair a Large-Scale MIMD Computer -- A Hardware Implementation of an Embryonic Architecture Using Virtex® FPGAs -- Everything on the Chip: A Hardware-Based Self-Contained Spatially-Structured Genetic Algorithm for Signal Processing -- Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics -- Biology Meets Electronics: the Path to a Bio-Inspired FPGA -- The Design and Implementation of Custom Architectures for Evolvable Hardware Using Off-the-Shelf Programmable Devices -- Mixtrinsic Evolution -- Evolution of Robustness in an Electronics Design. , Circuit Evolution and Visualisation -- Evolutionary Robots with Fast Adaptive Behavior in New Environments -- The Advantages of Landscape Neutrality in Digital Circuit Evolution -- Genetic Algorithm-Based Design Methodology for Pattern Recognition Hardware -- A Flexible Model of a CMOS Field Programmable Transistor Array Targeted for Hardware Evolution -- Author Index.

Note: Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 The risk assessor as the customer, K. Clive Thompson and C. Paul Nathanail -- 1.1 Analysis issues -- 1.2 Definition of analysis -- 1.3 Quality issues in contaminated land analysis -- 1.3.1 Background -- 1.3.2 ISO 17025 -- 1.3.3 The six valid analytical measurement (VAM) principles -- 1.3.4 MCERTS -- 1.4 Sampling point frequency considerations -- 1.5 Sample pre-treatment issues -- 1.6 Analysis method requirements -- 1.7 Measurement uncertainty -- 1.8 Proficiency schemes -- 1.9 New areas of analysis -- 1.9.1 Organic carbon -- 1.9.2 Partition coefficients (Kd values) -- 1.9.3 Bioavailability and bioaccessibility -- Note -- References -- Publications relevant to the CLR R& -- D programme -- 2 The requirements of the analytical method, David Westwood -- 2.1 Need for fully documented and properly validated methods -- 2.2 Current regimes -- 2.3 How to validate international, national and individual laboratory methods -- 2.4 Quality control - quality assurance -- 2.5 Prescribed method versus minimum performance characteristics approach -- 2.6 Proficiency testing for contaminated soil analysis -- 2.7 Reference materials -- References -- 3 Initial sample preparation, Mark Allen -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 An overview of initial sample preparation -- 3.2.1 Receipt of samples by the laboratory -- 3.2.2 Pre-preparation -- 3.2.3 Coarse comminution -- 3.2.4 Sieving for preparation purposes -- 3.2.5 Homogenisation -- 3.2.6 Sub-sampling -- 3.2.7 Fine comminution -- 3.2.8 Finishing -- 3.2.9 Comminution of vegetation -- 3.3 Processes and problems -- 3.3.1 Contamination from preparation equipment -- 3.3.2 Cross-contamination -- 3.3.3 Sub-sampling bias -- 3.3.4 Sub-sampling bias caused by sieving operations -- 3.3.5 Loss of fine particulates, volatile and labile components. , 3.4 Quality control -- 3.5 Good laboratory practice in initial sample preparation -- 3.5.1 Health and safety -- 3.5.2 Provisional protocols -- References -- 4 Metal analysis, Patrick Thomas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General discussion -- 4.2.1 Overview of digestion methods -- 4.2.2 Dry ashing -- 4.2.3 Wet digestion -- 4.2.4 Heating devices -- 4.3 Overview of instrumental methods of analysis -- 4.3.1 What is atomic absorption? -- 4.3.2 Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.3 Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.4 Hydride generation atomic absorption and fluorescence methods -- 4.3.5 Cold vapour atomic absorption and fluorescence methods for mercury -- 4.4 What is atomic emission spectrometry? -- 4.4.1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry -- 4.5 What is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry? -- 4.6 How to select the proper technique? -- 4.7 Overview of trace element speciation -- References -- 5 Analysis of inorganic parameters, George E. Rayment, Ross Sadler, Andrew Craig, Barry Noller and Barry Chiswell -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrical conductivity -- 5.2.1 Soil:water extract -- 5.2.2 EC measurement and reporting -- 5.3 pH -- 5.3.1 pH of 1:5 soil/water suspension (pHw) -- 5.3.2 pH of 1:5 soil/0.01 M calcium chloride extract (pHc) -- 5.3.3 pH of 1:5 soil/1 M potassium chloride extract (pHK) -- 5.3.4 pH of sodium fluoride suspension (pHF) -- 5.3.5 pH of hydrogen peroxide extract (pHHO) -- 5.3.5.1 Procedure -- 5.3.6 d pH -- 5.4 Redox potential -- 5.4.1 Summary -- 5.4.2 Capacity factor (Poise) -- 5.4.3 Usefulness of pe -- 5.4.4 Measurement of soil redox and electrodes -- 5.5 Water soluble chloride -- 5.5.1 Chloride - 1:5 soil/water extract, ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent conductivity -- 5.6 Water soluble boron -- 5.6.1 Hot water extractable soil B -- 5.7 Sulfur. , 5.7.1 Total sulfur - X-ray fluorescence -- 5.7.1.1 Preparation of standard pellets -- 5.7.1.2 Preparation of soil pellets -- 5.7.1.3 Analysis -- 5.7.2 Pyrite and other iron disulfides and acid volatile sulfides (chromium reducible sulfur) -- 5.7.2.1 Procedure -- 5.7.2.2 Calculation of the chromium reducible sulfur content -- 5.7.3 Water extractable sulfur - ICPAES -- 5.7.4 Water extractable sulfate-sulfur - ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent condu... -- 5.8 Cyanides, thiocyanates and cyanates -- 5.8.1 Cyanides -- 5.8.2 Thiocyanates -- 5.8.3 Cyanates -- 5.8.4 Standard digestion procedures and free cyanide -- 5.8.5 Speciation techniques for metallo-cyanide complexes -- 5.8.5.1 Ion chromatography -- 5.8.5.2 Atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.8.5.3 Capillary zone electrophoresis -- 5.8.6 Determination of other cyanide compounds in soil -- 5.9 Asbestos -- 5.9.1 Introduction - the asbestos minerals and their uses -- 5.9.2 The health effects of asbestos -- 5.9.3 Common building materials and products that contained asbestos -- 5.9.4 Common asbestos containing materials that may be found in contaminated land sites -- 5.9.5 Encountering asbestos containing materials during a site investigation or redevelopment -- 5.9.6 The packaging of suspected asbestos containing materials for transportation to a testing laboratory -- 5.9.7 Choosing a suitable testing laboratory -- 5.9.8 Analysis of suspect asbestos containing materials -- 5.9.9 Achievable laboratory detection limits and interpretation of results -- 5.9.9.1 Bulk materials -- 5.9.9.2 Soil materials -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- 6 Petroleum hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Jim Farrell-Jones -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Chemical characteristics -- 6.1.2 Architecture of organic molecules -- 6.1.3 Aromatics -- 6.1.4 Chemical composition of petroleum. , 6.1.4.1 Product characteristics -- 6.1.4.2 Gasoline (called petrol in the UK) -- 6.1.4.3 Aviation gasoline -- 6.1.4.4 Jet fuels -- 6.1.4.5 Kerosene - domestic heating fuel -- 6.1.4.6 Diesel fuel -- 6.1.4.7 Fuel oils -- 6.1.4.8 Lubricating oils -- 6.2 Environmental fate of petroleum products -- 6.3 Factors influencing the analytical process -- 6.3.1 Collection and preservation -- 6.3.2 Sample extraction -- 6.3.2.1 Soxhlet -- 6.3.2.2 Manual shake -- 6.3.2.3 Accelerated solvent extraction -- 6.3.2.4 Microwave -- 6.3.2.5 Thermal extraction and static headspace -- 6.3.2.6 Purge and trap (dynamic headspace) -- 6.3.3 Concentration of sample extract -- 6.3.3.1 Sorbant/cryogenic trapping -- 6.3.3.2 Snyder column -- 6.3.3.3 Kuderna-Danish concentrator (K-D concentrator) -- 6.3.3.4 Nitrogen evaporation -- 6.3.3.5 Vacuum -- 6.3.4 Clean-up of sample -- 6.3.4.1 Removal of non-petroleum species -- 6.3.4.2 Isolation of particular species -- 6.3.4.3 Concentration of particular analytes -- 6.3.5 Measurement -- 6.3.5.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) -- 6.3.5.2 Petroleum group type analysis (not suitable for risk estimation) -- 6.3.5.3 Individual compound analysis -- 6.4 Total petroleum hydrocarbons: a detailed method review -- 6.4.1 Gas chromatography -- 6.4.1.1 Gasoline range organics (GRO) -- 6.4.1.2 Diesel range organics -- 6.4.1.3 Total petroleum hydrocarbons -- 6.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) TPH -- 6.4.3 Gravimetric TPH methods -- 6.4.4 Immunoassay TPH methods -- 6.5 Petroleum group type analysis (detailed review) -- 6.5.1 Thin layer chromatography (Iatroscan™ method) -- 6.5.2 Speciated group type TPH -- 6.6 Individual compound analysis -- 6.7 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 6.7.1 Structure -- 6.7.2 Sources -- 6.7.3 Carcinogenic nature -- 6.7.4 Methods of analysis -- 6.7.4.1 Screening test kits -- 6.7.4.2 Gravimetric. , 6.7.4.3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) -- 6.7.4.4 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) -- 6.7.4.5 Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) -- 6.7.4.6 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) -- Abbreviations -- Glossary of terms -- Bibliography -- Editors' note -- 7 Volatile organic compounds, Sue Owen and Peter Whittle -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Presence of VOCs in soil -- 7.3 Sampling and sub-sampling -- 7.3.1 Artefacts -- 7.4 Methods of analysis -- 7.4.1 Methanol extraction -- 7.4.2 Head-space -- 7.4.3 Purge and trap -- 7.4.4 Direct aqueous injection -- 7.5 Chromatography -- 7.5.1 Capillary columns -- 7.6 Detectors and quantitation -- 7.6.1 Mass spectrometric detection (MS) -- 7.6.2 Flame ionisation detector (FID) -- 7.6.3 Electron capture detector (ECD) -- 7.6.4 Electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) -- 7.6.5 Photo-ionisation detector (PID) -- 7.6.6 Standards and quantitation -- 7.7 Screening techniques -- 7.7.1 Qualitative analysis -- 7.7.2 Semi-quantitative analysis -- 7.8 Specific groupings -- References -- Commonly used groupings for analysing VOC samples -- 8 Non-halogenated organic compounds including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), Joop Harmsen and Paul Frintrop -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Extraction -- 8.2.1 Presence of organic compounds in soil -- 8.2.1.1 Soxhlet -- 8.2.1.2 Shaking (agitation) procedure -- 8.2.1.3 Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) -- 8.2.1.4 Super critical fluid extraction (SFE) -- 8.2.2 Pre-treatment in relation to extraction -- 8.3 Screening or quantitative determination -- 8.3.1 Group parameters -- 8.4 The bioavailable fraction -- 8.5 Detection, identification and quantification -- 8.5.1 Detection -- 8.5.2 Identification -- 8.5.3 Quantification -- 8.6 Examples -- 8.6.1 Group parameters for organo-halogens -- 8.6.2 Phthalates -- 8.6.3 Organotin compounds. , 8.6.4 More polar herbicides and pesticides.

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-108) and subject index

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Background -- Rationale for (and layout of) this volume -- References -- Part I Setting the stage: What do we know about human growth and development? -- 2 The human pattern of growth and development in paleontological perspective -- Introduction -- A brief history of auxological paleontology -- A synthesis of ideas -- Why did childhood and adolescence evolve? -- Why childhood? -- Why adolescence and the adolescent growth? -- Why do girls have adolescence? -- Why do boys have adolescence? -- Girls and boys - two paths through adolescence -- The shape of things to come -- References -- 3 Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes -- Introduction -- Anatomical model -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Measurements -- Geometric morphometric analyses -- Hypotheses -- Results -- SDM analyses -- GDM analyses -- Summary of results -- H1: Anterior cranial base length -- H2: Middle cranial fossa length -- H3: Midfacial length -- H4: Posterior cranial base length -- H5: Upper facial length -- H6: Lower facial length -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Variation in modern human dental development -- Introduction -- Methods -- Recording dental formation -- Growth statistics -- Stages of dental development -- Results -- Timing of eruption -- Stages of eruption -- Tooth formation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Developmental variation in the facial skeleton of anatomically modern Homo sapiens -- Introduction -- Morphological differences in the form of the craniofacial skeleton in adult modern humans: An overview -- General principles of growth in the craniofacial skeleton -- Comparative growth of the hard tissues - geometric morphometrics. , Background to the study -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Differences in facial shape irrespective of maturation -- Differences in ontogenetic shape trajectories -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Linear growth variation in the archaeological record -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Reference sample -- Archaeological samples -- Estimation of age at death -- Results -- North Africa and Western Asia -- Asia -- Europe/European origin -- North America -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Hominid growth and development: The modern context -- Introduction -- Modern human pattern of growth and development -- Definition of pattern of growth and development -- Life stages -- Life history -- Causes of within-species variation -- Evidence for modern human growth as presented in this volume -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II The first steps: From australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- 8 Reconstructing australopithecine growth and development: What do we think we know? -- Introduction -- Background -- Chronology and timing of australopithecine dental development -- Patterns of australopithecine dental development -- Growth and development of the australopithecine face -- Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Growth and life history in Homo erectus -- Introduction -- Theoretical context -- Heterochrony -- Temporal patterning of growth and the human growth spurt -- Materials and methods -- Materials -- Allometric heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Methods -- Heterochronic analyses -- Growth spurt analyses -- Results -- Heterochrony -- Size and shape dissociation -- Growth through time and growth spurts -- Discussion -- Heterochrony, size, and shape -- Growth through time and adolescent growth spurts -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments. , References -- 10 Patterns of dental development in Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominins from Atapuerca (Spain) -- Introduction -- Dental development and life history -- Time and timing: Two different approaches -- Materials: The Atapuerca hominins -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Hominid growth and development from australopithecines to Middle Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Homo habilis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Homo erectus -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Adolescent growth spurt? -- Life-history issues -- Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis -- Dental remains -- Cranial and mandibular remains -- Postcranial remains -- Life-history issues -- Summary -- References -- Part III The last steps: The approach to modern humans -- 12 Diagnosing heterochronic perturbations in the craniofacial evolution of Homo (Neandertals and modern humans) and… -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Samples -- Aging methods -- Modeling growth -- HETPAD analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Shape and growth differences between Neandertals and modern humans: Grounds for a species-level distinction? -- Introduction -- Taxonomic hypothesis -- Materials -- Landmarks -- Euclidean distance matrix analysis -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Results -- EDMA shape difference comparisons -- EDMA growth difference comparisons -- Discussion -- Future work -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Ontogenetic patterning and phylogenetic significance of mental foramen number and position in the evolution of Upper… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Recent specimens -- Fossil specimens -- Methods -- Results. , Mental foramen position relative to the tooth row -- Number of mental foramina -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch length -- Growth in anterior alveolar arch breadth -- Discussion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 A new approach to the quantitative analysis of postcranial growth in Neandertals and modern humans: Evidence from the… -- Introduction -- Materials -- Methods -- Results -- Ilium -- Pubis -- Ischium -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Ontogenetic variation in the Dederiyeh Neandertal infants: Postcranial evidence -- Introduction -- Materials -- Dederiyeh 1 and 2 -- Comparative specimens -- Methods -- Aging -- Measurements and analyses -- Results -- Length and circumference -- Cross-sectional geometric properties -- Difference between Dederiyeh 1 and Dederiyeh 2 -- Discussion -- Sample size as a comparative unit -- Comparison of growth patterns -- Uncertainty of age estimation -- Issues in the study of growth of postcranial bones -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Hominid growth and development in Upper Pleistocene Homo -- Introduction -- Models of evolutionary change -- Morphological studies -- The postcranium: Limb length and circumference -- Considerations -- The postcranium: Pelvic dimensions -- Considerations -- The skull: The mandible -- Considerations -- The skull: The craniofacial complex -- Considerations -- Summary -- Interpretive differences -- Methodological factors -- Conceptual factors -- Genetics or behavior? -- Paradigm -- Paradigms and the origins of the modern human pattern of growth and development -- Discussion -- References -- 18 Conclusions: Putting it all together -- Introduction -- What is the modern human pattern of growth and development and when did it appear? -- Growth in brain size/body size -- Development. , The origin of modern humans -- Variability -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 A selective overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 On taking mixing-length theory seriously -- 1.3 The solar spoon -- 1.4 Deep roots of solar cycles -- 1.5 Helioseismology: oscillations as a diagnostic of the solar interior -- 1.6 Inverting helioseismic data -- 1.7 On the detection of subphotospheric convective velocities and temperature fluctuations -- 1.8 Prospects for asteroseismic inference -- References -- I Stellar convection and oscillations -- 2 On the diversity of stellar pulsations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of stellar pulsation -- 2.2.1 Giant-type pulsators -- 2.3 Dwarf-type pulsators -- 2.4 Inference from linear theory -- 2.5 Saturation of the linear instability -- 2.6 Amplitude limitation by resonances -- 2.6.1 The 2:1 resonance -- 2.6.2 Parametric resonance and dwarf and giant dichotomy -- 2.6.3 Higher-order parametric resonance and the Blazkho effect -- 2.7 Final remarks -- References -- 3 Acoustic radiation and mode excitation by turbulent convection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Linear damping rates, Gamma -- 3.3 Stochastic excitation -- 3.4 Acoustic radiation in the equilibrium model -- References -- 4 Understanding roAp stars -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Magnetic field versus convection -- 4.3 Mode excitation and eigenfrequencies -- 4.3.1 Excitation -- 4.3.2 Effect on the power spectrum -- 4.4 Theoretical instability strip -- 4.5 roAp stars versus noAp stars -- 4.5.1 noAp stars: are they stable against high frequency pulsations? -- 4.5.2 noAp stars: why would we fail to observe their oscillations? -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Waves in the magnetised solar atmosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of the models -- 5.3 Network and internetwork oscillations -- 5.3.1 Internetwork oscillations -- 5.3.2 Waves in a network element. , 5.4 Waves in a weak flux-tube -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- II Stellar rotation and magnetic fields -- 6 Stellar rotation: a historical survey -- Prologue -- 6.1 Radiative zones: the Eddington-Vogt-Sweet theory -- 6.2 Comparison with geophysical theory -- 6.3 Steady circulation and the mixing problem -- 6.4 The angular momentum distribution in a radiative zone -- 6.4.1 Magnetic radiative zones -- 6.4.2 Non-magnetic radiative zones -- 6.5 Rotating convective zones -- 6.6 The solar tachocline -- References -- 7 The oscillations of rapidly rotating stars -- 7.1 A short introduction to rapidly rotating stars -- 7.2 Perturbative versus non-perturbative methods -- 7.3 The part played by the Coriolis acceleration -- 7.4 The part played by centrifugal acceleration -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Solar tachocline dynamics: eddy viscosity, anti-friction, or something in between? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Long-range and short-range momentum transport -- 8.3 Potential vorticity -- 8.4 A glimpse of the Earth's stratosphere -- 8.5 Turbulence requires waves -- 8.6 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Dynamics of the solar tachocline -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 One half of the problem: shear propagation into a rotating stratified fluid -- 9.2.1 Slow rotating case… -- 9.2.3 Solar rotation rate -- 9.2.4 Discussion -- 9.3 The other half of the problem: nonlinear interaction between a large-scale field and flows in a rotating sphere -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Dynamo processes: the interaction of turbulence and magnetic fields -- 10.1 Scales for solar magnetic fields -- 10.2 Field structure in kinematic dynamos at large R -- 10.3 Dynamical equilibration of small-scale dynamos -- 10.4 Growth and equilibration of mean fields -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dynamos in planets -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Planetary magnetic fields. , 11.3 Convective driving and thermal history -- 11.4 Physical nature of convective dynamo solutions -- 11.5 Dynamical regimes in planetary cores -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- III Physics and structure of stellar interiors -- 12 Solar constraints on the equation of state -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Equation of state issues -- 12.2.1 Coulomb correction -- 12.2.2 Relativistic electrons -- 12.2.3 Effect of excited states in hydrogen and helium -- 12.2.4 Heavy elements -- 12.3 Resolution power of helioseismology -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 He transport and the solar neutrino problem -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Neutrinos and the neutrino problem -- 13.3 Cumming and Haxton's model -- 13.4 Modelling the flow -- 13.5 The equations -- 13.6 Results -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Mixing in stellar radiation zones -- 14.1 The observational evidence -- 14.2 Possible causes of mixing -- 14.2.1 Convective overshoot and penetration -- 14.2.2 Meridional circulation -- 14.2.3 Turbulence caused by differential rotation -- 14.2.3.1 Turbulence produced by the vertical shear -- 14.2.3.2 Turbulence produced by the horizontal shear -- 14.3 Rotational mixing -- 14.3.1 Rotational mixing of type I -- 14.3.2 Rotational mixing of type II -- 14.3.3 Tachocline mixing -- 14.4 Open questions -- 14.4.1 Does turbulence caused by a horizontal shear act to reduce that shear? -- 14.4.2 How does a poloidal field avoid imprinting the differential rotation of the convection zone into the radiation zone? -- 14.4.3 Can waves extract angular momentum from the solar interior? -- References -- 15 Element settling and rotation-induced mixing in slowly rotating stars -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Element settling in stellar radiative zones -- 15.2.1 The solar case -- 15.2.2 The lithium plateau in halo stars. , 15.3 Rotation-induced mixing in the presence of gravitationally-induced Mu-gradients -- 15.3.1 Computations of Omega and Mu-currents -- 15.3.2 Self-regulating process -- 15.4 Conclusion -- References -- IV Helio-and asteroseismology -- 16 Solar structure and the neutrino problem -- 16.1 Historical review: the solar neutrino problem -- 16.2 Historical review: helioseismology -- 16.3 Neutrino oscillation: MSW effect -- 16.4 SNO and Super-Kamiokande -- 16.5 Recipe for construction of an evolutionary solar model -- 16.6 Recipe for construction of a seismic solar model -- 16.7 Seismic solar model and the neutrino flux estimate -- 16.8 Future prospects -- References -- 17 Helioseismic data analysis -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Background -- 17.3 Instruments -- 17.3.1 GONG -- 17.3.2 MDI -- 17.3.3 Other projects -- 17.4 Normal mode analysis -- 17.4.1 Time series generation -- 17.4.2 Peakbagging -- 17.4.2.1 The MDI algorithm -- 17.4.2.2 The GONG algorithm -- 17.4.2.3 Ridge fitting -- 17.4.3 Analysis problems -- 17.4.3.1 Bad physics and parameters -- 17.4.3.2 Instrumental problems -- 17.4.3.3 Algorithm problems -- 17.4.3.4 Problems of unknown source -- 17.4.4 Results -- 17.5 Supergranulation studies -- 17.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- 18 Seismology of solar rotation -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Helioseismic measurement of solar internal rotation -- 18.3 Inversion for internal rotation -- 18.4 Solar internal rotation observed by helioseismology -- 18.4.1 Observational data -- 18.4.2 How to tackle 2-dimensional (2D) inversions -- 18.4.3 What we have learned -- 18.5 Rotation in the the solar convection zone -- 18.6 Line-blending problem -- 18.7 Summary -- References -- 19 Telechronohelioseismology -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Observational and Theoretical Principles -- 19.3 Current Inferences -- 19.3.1 Large-scale flows and solar activity. , 19.3.2 Developing active regions -- 19.3.3 Structure and dynamics of sunspots -- 19.3.4 Far-side imaging -- 19.4 Conclusion -- References -- V Large-scale numerical experiments -- 20 Bridges between helioseismology and models of convection zone dynamics -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Differential rotation: tachocline and near-surface shear -- 20.3 Solar dynamo: ordered and chaotic emergence of flux -- 20.4 Tachocline: boundary layer of strong shear -- 20.5 Contact with 3-D simulations of turbulent convection -- 20.6 Near-surface shear layer and solar subsurface weather -- 20.7 Origin of near-surface shear layer -- 20.8 Reflections -- References -- 21 Numerical simulations of the solar convection zone -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 DNS results -- 21.3 VLES results -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Modelling solar and stellar magnetoconvection -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Compressible magnetoconvection -- 22.3 Flux separation -- 22.4 Small-scale dynamo action -- 22.5 Conclusion -- References -- 23 Nonlinear magnetoconvection in the presence of a strong oblique field -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Reduced PDE description for Ma… -- 23.2.1 Computational and Theoretical Advantages -- 23.3 Exact Single-Mode Solutions -- 23.4 Results -- 23.5 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Simulations of astrophysical fluids -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Radio relics -- 24.2.1 Conclusion -- 24.3 Radio galaxies -- References -- VI Dynamics -- 25 A magic electromagnetic field -- 25.1 The electromagnetic field -- 25.2 The connection to Kerr's metric and the electron -- 25.3 Separability of motion in the field -- 25.4 Eulogy -- References -- 26 Continuum equations for stellar dynamics -- 26.1 A kinetic equation -- 26.2 The collision term -- 26.3 Fluid equations -- 26.4 The Jeans instability -- 26.5 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Formation of planetary systems -- 27.1 Observations. , 27.2 Grain condensation and growth.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- The Reminiscences of Martha von Rosen -- 1 From Geppertsfeld to the Oder -- 2 From the Oder to the Elbe -- 3 An End to Flight -- 4 Life Under Soviet Occupation -- 5 Marking Time -- 6 New Surprises -- 7 Reconnaissance -- 8 Reunion -- 9 The Last Return -- The Diary of Jürgen von Rosen -- Introduction -- 1 Bellaria, Camp 14 -- 2 From Bellaria to Ile-de-France -- 3 Forced Labour Camps in France -- 4 Ried, Upper Bavaria -- Life in Canada: The Open World -- Editor's Afterword: Some Anthropological Reflections on Ethnography, War, Ethnicity and Other Matters -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.