Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 10 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 10 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- MATERIALS THAT SHRINK ON HEATING: PRESSURE-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS IN NEGATIVE THERMAL EXPANSION MATERIALS, AND THEIR ENERGETICS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Thermal Expansion -- 1.2. Negative Thermal Expansion -- 1.3. The AM2O8 Family of NTE Materials -- 1.4. The A2M3O12 Family of NTE Materials -- 1.5. Mechanisms for NTE -- 1.6. Practical Aspects -- 1.7. High-Pressure Behavior of NTE Materials -- 1.8. Pressure-Induced Crystalline to Crystalline and Crystalline to Amorphous Phase Transitions in NTE Materials -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- Syntheses -- Diffraction Data Collection and Analysis -- X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Data Collection and Analysis -- High-Temperature and Low-Temperature Calorimetry -- Vibrational Studies: Raman Spectroscopy and Inelastic Neutron Scattering -- Physical Property Characterization on Sc0.67WO4 -- 3. IN SITU AND EX SITU HIGH-PRESSURE STUDIES OF THE PRESSURE-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION IN CUBIC ZRW2O8 -- 4. THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES OF THE PRESSURE-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION IN CUBIC ZRW2O8 -- 5. IN SITU HIGH-PRESSURE SYNCHROTRON XRD STUDY OF SC2W3O12, SC2MO3O12, AND AL2W3O12 -- 6. THERMOCHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS OF A2M3O12 MATERIALS -- 7. CRYSTAL AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF A NEW SCANDIUM TUNGSTATE, SC0.67WO4 -- SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHEMICAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS HYDROGENATED CARBON (A:C-H) -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMICAL BONDING OF CARBON -- 2.1. Carbon as an Element -- 2.2. Structure of the Atom -- 2.3. Basic Quantum Mechanical Concept -- 2.4. Hybridization and the Bonding of Carbon Atom -- 3. DIAMOND LIKE AMORPHOUS CARBON AS A MATERIAL -- 3.1. The Various Forms of Amorphous Carbon. , 3.2. Structure of DLC and Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon (a:C-H) -- 3.3. Why Also There is Interest in DLC -- 3.4. Difficulties of Pure DLC Material and How to Over Come the Problems by Doping of Nonmetal and Metal -- 4. DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS METHODS OF DLC -- 5. PROPERTIES OF METAL AND NONMETAL DOPED DLC THIN FILMS -- 5.1. Synthesis and Chemical and Optical Properties of Doped DLC Thin Films -- 5.1.1. Synthesis of Nonmetal and Metal Doped DLC Thin Films -- 5.1.2. Chemical Characterization -- 5.1.3. Basic Theory of Optical Properties for Thin Film -- 5.1.4. Optical Properties of Doped DLC Thin Films -- 5.2. Electrical Properties -- 6. APPLICATION OF AMORPHOUS HYDROGENATED CARBON AND DLC -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BOND-STRETCH ISOMERISM AND AROMATICITY IN SOME SELECTED METAL CLUSTERS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. REACTIVITY DESCRIPTORS -- 2. 1. Conceptual DFT Based Global Reactivity Descriptors -- 2.2. Conceptual DFT Based Local Reactivity Descriptors -- 3. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE PRINCIPLES FOR STABILITY AND REACTIVITY -- Computational Details -- 4. BOND-STRETCH ISOMERISM: A CASE STUDY ON SOME UNIQUE AROMATIC/ANTIAROMATIC CLUSTER MOTIFS -- 4.1. Clusters - What Do They Mean? -- 4.2. All-Metal Aromaticity - A Unique Principle towards Rationalizing Cluster Stability -- 4.3. Bond-Stretch Isomerism -- Trigonal and Higher Order Clusters -- Poly-Metallic Clusters -- Frontier Molecular Orbital Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PROCESS ANALYSIS FOR GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEMS -- 3. EMERGING PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES (PAT) APPLICATIONS -- 3.1. Near Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.2. Particle Size and Imaging. , 3.2.1. Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM), Spatial Filtering Technique (SFT) and Particle Vision Microscope (PVM) -- 3.3. Acoustic PAT -- 4. RECENT INNOVATIONS IN FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSES -- 4.1. Pressure Swing Fluidized Bed -- 4.2. Vibro-Fluidization -- 4.3. Rotary Fluidized Bed -- SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHEMICAL BONDING IN HYDRIDES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLASSIFICATION OF THE HYDRIDES -- 2.1. Ionic Hydrides -- 2.2. Covalent Hydrides -- 2.3. Metallic Hydrides -- 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF BONDING IN HYDRIDES EXPLORED BY THEORETICAL TOOLS -- 3.1. Charge Density -- 3.2. Charge Transfer -- 3.3. Electron Localization Function (ELF) -- 3.3.1. Prediction of Site Preference of Hydrogen in Metal Matrix by ELF -- 3.4. Density of States (DOS) -- 3.5. Crystal Orbital Hamiltonian Population (COHP) -- 4. QUANTIFICATION OF CHARGES -- 4.1. Mulliken Population and Bader Charge Analyzes -- 4.2. Born-Effective-Charge Analysis -- 5. CHARACTERIZING CHEMICAL BONDING IN MULTICOMPONENT HYDRIDES: A CHALLENGING TASK -- REFERENCES -- SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF DEUTERIUM-LABELED CONTROLLED-DRUGS AS INTERNAL STANDARDS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. OPIATES -- 2. TROPANE ALKALOIDS -- 3. PHENETHYLAMINE -- 4. OTHERS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE EFFECT OF DEUTERIUM ON PASSIVATED SILICON SURFACE AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN MICROTECHNOLOGY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, STUDY AND RESULTS -- Samples Preparations -- First IR Analysis of Liquid Phase D2O Passivated Samples -- Study on Vapor Phase D2O Passivated Samples -- RTP Process Applied on Liquid and Vapor Phase Passivated Si Surfaces -- Computational Details -- Geometry Relaxation -- Phonon Modes -- Stretching Modes -- Bending Modes -- Bulk Modes -- Surface Voltage and Surface Photovoltage Measurements -- The Theoretical Background. , Measurements and Results -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- HIDDEN SIDE OF CHEMICAL BOND: THE BOSONIC CONDENSATE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE -- 2.1. N-Body Field Quantization -- 2.2. The Bosonic Order Parameter -- 2.3. The Pseudo-Potential Picture for the Imperfect Bosonic Gas -- 3. GROSS-PITAEVSKY EQUATION: THE WAVE-EQUATION FOR BOSONIC CONDENSATE -- 3.1. Landau Energy Functional Origin -- 3.2. Mean Field Picture of the Mixed Fermionic-Bosonic Condensate -- 3.3. First BEC Connections with Density Functional Theory -- 4. HOMOPOLAR CHEMICAL BONDING REVISITED -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SOME FEATURES OF ISOTOPIC CONTENT IN RAINFALL IN SUBTROPICAL ARGENTINA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 2.1. Isotopes and Meteorological Data -- 2.2. Methodology -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. Relation between Isotopes, Temperature and Rainfall -- 3.2. Relation Between Isotopic Content and Continentality -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- THE INFLUENCE OF THE VIBRATION DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER ON VIBROFLUIDIZATION -- NOMENCLATURE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FLUID DYNAMICS -- 2.1. Background -- 2.1.1. Vibrofluidized Bed -- 2.1.2. Energy of Vibration -- 2.1.3. Operating Modes -- 2.1.4. Fluid Dynamic Properties of Vibrofluidized Beds -- 2.2. Typical Laboratory Setup -- 2.3. Characteristic Curves ( P versus U) of Fluidized and Vibrofluidized Beds -- 2.4. Particle Size Distribution and Size Segregation -- 2.5. Fluid Dynamic Behavior during the Transient Period of Drying of Liquid Suspensions -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- COMPARISON BETWEEN ZIRCONIA AND ALUMINA SUPPORTS FOR NICKEL-BASED CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , RECOVERY OF NIOBIUM AS A BY-PRODUCT FROM EFFLUENT SOLUTIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Extraction of Niobium by Tri-N-Octyl Amine (TOA) from Fluoride Medium -- EXPERIMENTAL -- Niobium Recovery Experiments -- INSTRUMENTS -- Initial Experiments for Niobium Extraction -- Experiments of Niobium Recovery from Hydrofluoric Acid Medium by Tri-N-Octyl Amine -- Niobium Extraction Experiments -- Mod.": Modifier: 2-Ethyl -1-Hexanol Diluent: Kerosene O/A Ratio 1.0 -- Niobium Stripping Experiments -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Results of Initial Niobium Extraction from Different Acid Mediums Using Different Commercial Organic Solvents -- Niobium Extraction Efficiency from Hydrofluoric Acid Medium by Tri-N-Octyl Amine (TOA) -- Effect of the Added Concentration of Free Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) -- Effect of Contact Time -- Effect of Initial Niobium Concentration -- Effect of Solvent Concentration -- Effect of the Modifier Amount Addition -- Equilibrium Isotherm for Niobium Extraction from HF Aqueous Phase by TOA -- Saturation Capacity of Tri-N-Octyl Amine for Niobium Extraction from Fluoride Aqueous Phase -- Results of Niobium Stripping from the Loaded Tri-N-Octyl Amine (TOA) -- Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid Effect on Niobium Stripping Efficiency -- Contact Time Effect on Niobium Stripping Efficiency -- Equilibrium Isotherm for Niobium Stripping from the Loaded TOA Solvent -- Number of Contacts Effect on Niobium Stripping Efficiency -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- TRANSPORT PROPERTIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Biological Systems of Interest -- 1.2. Phenomenology of Diffusion: Binary Systems, Pseudo-Binary and Ternary Systems -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- 2.1. Transport Properties -- 2.1.1. Diffusion: Conductimetric and Taylor Dispersion Techniques -- 2.1.2. Conductance Measurements. , 2.1.3. Density Measurements.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Structures, Physico-Chemical Properties and Biological Activities of Copper(II) Pyridinecarboxylates -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structures, Spectral and Magnetic Properties of Copper(II) Pyridinecarboxylates -- 2.1. Copper(II) Pyridinecarboxylate Complexes -- Synthesis of complexes -- Spectral and magnetic properties and crystal structure of the complexes -- 2.2. Copper(II) Pyridinecarboxylate Complexes with Chelating Ligands -- Synthesis of complexes -- Spectral and magnetic properties, crystal structure of the complex compounds -- 2.3. Copper(II)Pyridinecarboxylate Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Ligands -- Synthesis of the complexes -- Spectral and magnetic properties, crystal structure of the complexes -- 3. Biological Activities of Copper(II) Pyridinecarboxylates -- Antimicrobial Activity of Copper(II) Pyridinecarboxylato Complexes -- 4. Conclusions -- Chemical and structural aspect -- Copper(II) pyridinecarboxylate complexes -- Copper(II) pyridinecarboxylate complexes with chelating ligands -- Copper(II) pyridinecarboxylate complexes with N-heterocyclic ligands -- Biological aspect -- Copper(II) pyridinecarboxylate complexes -- Copper(II) pyridinecarboxylto complexes with chelating and N-heterocyclic ligands -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Abbreviations -- Layered Perovskite-like Oxides 0112 Type: Structure, Properties, and Possible Apllications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis and Crystal Structure -- 2.1. LnAMe2o5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- A - AE, AEE -- Me - Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) Phases -- 2.2. LnAMe'Me"O5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- A - Ba, Sr -- Me', Me" - Mn, Fe, Co, Cu) Phases -- 3. Thermal Stability and Thermal Expansion -- 3.1. LnBaMe2o5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- Me - Mn, Fe, Co) Phases -- 3.2. LnBaMe'Me"O5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- Me', Me" - Fe, Co, Cu) Phases -- 4. Magnetic Properties. , 4.1. LnBaMe2o5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- Me - Mn, Fe, Co) Phases -- 4.2. LnBaMe'Me"O5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- Me', Me" - Fe, Co, Cu) Phases -- 5. Electric Properties -- 5.1. LnBaMe2o5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- Me - Mn, Fe, Co) Phases -- 5.2. LnBaMe'Me"O5+( (Ln - Y, REE -- Me', Me" - Fe, Co, Cu) Phases -- 6. Catalytic, Sensor, Thermoelectric and Other Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Ensemble of Clusters - New Form of Molecular Matter, Risks and Сhances: Zubow Equations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Zubow Equations -- 1.2. Typical FNS-Spectra of Liquids -- 1.3. Clusters Communication with Planets -- 2. Experimental Part -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Water Clusters Ensemble in Bio-Matrix -- 3.2. Energy Clusters in Metal -- 3.3. Molecular Clusters in Water -- 3.4. Molecular Clusters in Starch -- 3.5. Proton Jumping -- 4. Super Cluster Structure in Styrene and in Atactic Polystyrenes -- 4.1. Statistical Ensemble (Long-Range Order) in Liquid Monomer -- 4.2. Statistical Ensemble (Long-Range Order) in aPS Solutions -- 4.3. The Cluster Structure of aPS Coils in Solution -- 4.4. Coil Associates of aPS in Solution -- 4.5. The Cluster Structure of aPS Coils in the Solid State -- 4.6. Cluster Ensemble Interaction at Distance -- 4.7. The Planet Influences on the Cluster Structure of Polystyrene -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Experimental Study of Bond Characteristics in an Icosahedral Alpdmn Quasicrystal by Quantitative Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. Experimental Details -- III. Description of the Structure of the Icosahedral Alpdmn Phase -- IV. Calculation of Diffraction Intensities for Icosahedral Quasicrystals -- V. Structure Refinement -- A. Refinement of the Atomic Surface -- B. The Modi ed Non-Spherical Model -- VI. Structure Factor Refinement -- VII. Bond Characteristics. , A. Covalent Bonding and Electron Localization -- B. Gain or Loss Of Electrons -- C. Electron Concentration -- VIII. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Mesokinetics of Growth of Nanostructured Objects with Strong Interatomic Bonds -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Asymptotic Model -- Comparison of Calculation Results with Experimental Data -- Comments and Issues -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Mechanism of Covalent Bond Heterolysis: Novel Methods of Investigations, New Facts, and New Interpretations -- Abstract -- Introduction -- References -- Ab Initio Study of Acid Molecules Interacting with H2O -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Calculations -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Refinement of the Repulsive-to- Attractive Index Ratio of Covalent Bonds -- Abstract -- 1. Preamble -- 2. Preliminary Analysis -- 3. Approximated Shape Parameters -- 4. Corrected Shape Factor -- 5. Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Kinetic Investigation of Grafting of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers with 2- Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Using 4,4'-Azobis (4-Cyanovaleric Acid) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Materials -- Grafting Procedure -- Determination of Moisture Regain and Diameter -- Results and Discussion -- Moisture Regain and Diameter -- Effect of Initiator and Monomer Concentration -- Effect of Temperature and Time -- Effect of Different Emulsifiers -- Kinetics of Grafting -- Conclusion -- References -- Kinetic Investigation of Grafting of ethylmethacrylate - Acrylic Acid Mixture onto Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers with Benzoyl Peroxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Materials and Methods -- Grafting Procedure -- Measurement of Density -- Measurement of Intrinsic Viscosity -- Effect of Different Emulsifiers. , Effect of Different Initiators -- Results and Discussion -- Kinetics of Grafting -- Sem -- Conclusion -- References -- Runaway Reaction of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide -- Short Communication -- References -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.