Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Next-Generation Energy Technologies: Options and Possibilities -- 1.2 Integration Between Energy and Agricultural Markets -- 1.3 Designing the Infrastructure for Biofuels -- 1.4 Environmental Effects of Biofuels and Biofuel Policies -- 1.5 Economic Effects of Biofuel Policies -- 1.6 In Sum -- 2 Are Biofuels the Best Use of Sunlight? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From Solar Energy Input to Useful Energy Output -- 2.3 Biofuel Energy Conversion -- 2.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion -- 2.5 Photovoltaics and the Transportation Sector -- 2.6 Comparing the Costs of Energy from Biofuels and Photovoltaics -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Perennial Grasses as Second-Generation Sustainable Feedstocks Without Conflict with Food Production -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ideal Feedstock Characteristics -- 3.3 Perennial Growth Habit -- 3.4 C4 Photosynthetic Pathway -- 3.5 Long Canopy Duration -- 3.6 Limited Pest and Disease Incidence -- 3.7 Nutrient Recycling -- 3.8 High Water Use Efficiency -- 3.9 Low Herbicide Requirement -- 3.10 Noninvasive, Easily Eradicated from Existing Land -- 3.11 Uses Existing Farm Equipment -- 3.12 Feedstock Yield, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, and the World Food Supply -- 3.13 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Present and Future Possibilities for the Deconstructionand Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.1 Introduction: Current State of Technology -- 4.2 Advantages of Lignocellulosic-Based Biofuels -- 4.3 Status of Current Conversion Technologies: Pretreatment -- 4.4 Genomics for Producing New Microbes with Enhanced Characteristics for Fermentation: Synthetic Biology and Production of Advanced Biofuels -- 4.5 Genomics -- 4.6 Systems Biology and Metabolic Engineering -- 4.7 Conclusion. , References -- Part II Interactions Between Biofuels, Agricultural Markets and Trade -- 5 Price Transmission in the US Ethanol Market -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The US Bioenergy Market -- 5.3 Price Relationships in the US Ethanol Industry -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.5 Results -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Biofuels and Agricultural Growth: Challenges for Developing Agricultural Economies and Opportunities for Investment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of Current Literature -- 6.3 Interactions Between Energy and Food Markets -- 6.4 Drivers of Change in Food Systems -- 6.4.1 Socio-economic Factors -- 6.4.2 Policy Drivers -- 6.5 Quantitative Illustration of Biofuels Impacts on Food -- 6.5.1 Model Specification -- 6.5.2 Baseline Results with Biofuels -- 6.5.3 Impacts of Yield Improvements -- 6.6 Implications for Food Security and Policy -- References -- 7 Prospects for Ethanol and Biodiesel, 2008 to 2017 and Impacts on Agriculture and Food -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Assumptions for the Baseline Scenario -- 7.3 Global Land Use and Commodity Stocks -- 7.3.1 US Crops -- 7.4 Key Biofuel Projections -- 7.4.1 Impacts on Livestock -- 7.4.2 Consumer Prices -- 7.5 Alternative Scenarios -- 7.5.1 Impact of the Alternative Scenarios -- 7.6 Prospects for Cellulosic Ethanol -- References -- 8 The Global Bioenergy Expansion: How Large Are the Food--Fuel Trade-Offs? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Stylized Facts on the Global Emergence of Biofuels -- 8.2.1 Biofuels in the United States -- 8.2.2 Biofuels in the World -- 8.2.3 Comparison Among FAPRI Outlooks: Catching Up with Reality and Policy Changes -- 8.3 Land Allocation Effects of Biofuel Expansion -- 8.3.1 US Expansion -- 8.3.2 Global Emergence Scenario -- 8.4 Trade-Offs Among Feed, Feed Crops, and Bioenergy -- 8.5 Trade-Offs Among Food, Food Crops, and Bioenergy -- 8.5.1 Meat and Dairy Consumption. , 8.5.2 Vegetable Oils -- 8.5.3 Sugar -- 8.5.4 Grains -- 8.6 Policies and Exogenous Factors Conditioning the Trade-Offs -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Demand Behavior and Commodity Price Volatility Under Evolving Biofuel Markets and Policies -- 9.1 Assumptions About Long-Run Ethanol Market Behavior -- 9.2 Changing Market Relationships -- 9.3 Volatility of Markets -- 9.4 Energy Policy and Its Influence on Commodity Price Volatility -- 9.5 Calculating Volatility -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Designing the Infrastructure for Biofuels -- 10 Optimizing the Biofuels Infrastructure: Transportation Networks and Biorefinery Locations in Illinois -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Biorefinery Connecting Feedstocks and Bioproducts -- 10.3 Biomass Transportation Networks and Biorefinery Locations -- 10.3.1 Road/Highway -- 10.3.2 Railroad -- 10.3.3 Waterways -- 10.3.4 Pipelines -- 10.4 The Optimal Biomass Transportation and Biorefinery Location Problem -- 10.5 Model Description -- 10.6 Model Specification and Data -- 10.6.1 Supply Input of Bioenergy -- 10.6.2 Multimodal Transportation Network and Cost Matrix -- 10.6.3 Cost Structure of Biorefineries -- 10.6.4 Ethanol Demand -- 10.6.5 Livestock Feed Demand -- 10.7 Model Results -- 10.8 Summary and Conclusions -- 10.9 Appendix: Model Notation and Equations -- 10.9.1 Subscripts -- 10.9.2 Factors and Parameters -- 10.9.3 Model Variables and Variable Types -- Binary Variables -- Nonnegative Variables -- References -- 11 The Capital Efficiency Challenge of Bioenergy Models: The Case of Flex Mills in Brazil -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Literature Review -- 11.2.1 Measures of Capital Utilization -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results -- References -- Part IV Environmental Effects of Biofuels and Biofuel Policies. , 12 Could Bioenergy Be Used to Harvest the Greenhouse: An Economic Investigation of Bioenergy and Climate Change? -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Modeling Background -- 12.2.1 Lifecycle Accounting -- 12.2.2 Leakage -- 12.3 Bioenergy Production Possibilities -- 12.3.1 Ethanol -- 12.3.2 Biodiesel -- 12.3.3 Biopower -- 12.4 Economics of Biofeedstock -- 12.5 Predicted Bioenergy Production -- 12.5.1 The Case of Ethanol -- 12.5.2 The Case of Biodiesel -- 12.5.3 The Case of Biopower -- 12.5.4 GHG Mitigation Strategy -- 12.5.5 Food Prices -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13 A Simple Framework for Regulation of Biofuels -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Categorizing Lifecycle Emissions -- 13.2.1 Direct Emissions -- 13.2.2 Indirect Emissions -- 13.3 Calculating Emissions -- 13.3.1 Calculation of Direct Emissions -- 13.3.2 Calculation of Indirect Emissions -- 13.3.3 Ex post Direct Emissions and Ex ante Indirect Emissions -- 13.4 A Target Number and a Framework for Regulation Given Uncertainty -- 13.5 Uncertainty in Calculation of Emissions -- 13.5.1 Modeling Direct Emissions with Uncertainty -- 13.5.2 Uncertainty in Indirect Emissions -- 13.6 Implementing This Framework -- 13.7 Policy -- 13.8 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Market and Social Welfare Effects of the RenewableFuels Standard -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Related Literature -- 14.3 Background: Motor-Fuel Technology and Policy -- 14.4 Model -- 14.5 Numerical Analysis Methods and Parameters -- 14.6 Results -- 14.7 Sensitivity Analysis -- 14.8 Conclusions -- References -- 15 USBrazil Trade in Biofuels: Determinants, Constraints, and Implications for Trade Policy -- 15.1 USBrazil Trade in Biofuels: Determinants, Constraints, and Implications for Trade Policy -- 15.2 Background -- 15.2.1 Related Literature -- 15.3 Welfare Effects of Biofuel Policies in the United States. , 15.3.1 Conceptual Framework -- 15.3.2 Empirical Model -- 15.4 Numerical Simulation Results -- 15.4.1 Welfare Effects with Market Power in Ethanol Trade -- 15.4.2 Welfare Effects with United States as a Price Taker in Ethanol Trade -- 15.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- References -- 16 Food and Biofuel in a Global Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Trade -- 16.3 Policy Considerations -- 16.3.1 Climate Change Policy -- 16.3.2 Land-Use Policy -- 16.4 Food Policy -- 16.4.1 Policy for Biofuel and Agriculture R& -- D -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Meeting Biofuels Targets: Implications for Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Nitrogen Use in Illinois -- 17.1 Related Literature -- 17.2 The Model -- 17.3 Data -- 17.4 Results -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Corn Stover Harvesting: Potential Supply and Water Quality Implications -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Data and Methods -- 18.2.1 Data -- 18.2.2 Economic Modeling -- 18.2.3 Modeling Environmental Impacts -- 18.3 Results and Discussion -- 18.4 Concluding Comments -- References -- Part V Economic Effects of Bioenergy Policies -- 19 International Trade Patterns and Policy for Ethanol in the United States -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Summary of US Ethanol Policy -- 19.2.1 Domestic Policy -- 19.2.2 Trade Policy -- 19.3 Expected Effects of the Tariff on the US Market Under Recent Market Conditions -- 19.3.1 Price Elasticity of Import Demand: Relationship with Other Market Parameters -- 19.4 Ethanol Import Patterns and the Elasticity of Supply of Imports in the United States -- 19.4.1 US Ethanol Imports and Data Sources -- 19.4.2 Statistical Specifications and Estimation Issues -- 19.4.3 Econometric Estimates of the Import Supply Elasticity -- 19.4.4 Interpretation of the Import Data in the Postduty Drawback Period -- 19.5 Implications for Changes in Import Tariff Policy. , 19.6 Further Consequences and Concluding Remarks.