Note: cover -- Series Introduction -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Contents -- 1 Application of Nutrigenomics Tools to Analyze the Role of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Gene Expression -- WHAT IS NUTRIGENOMICS? -- DO OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANTS AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION? -- METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN NUTRIGENOMICS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Oxidative Stress and Human Genetic Variation -- MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE -- COPPER, ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE -- THE GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES -- THE GST GENES -- GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE T1 -- Functional Studies of the 894G > -- T (Glu298Asp) Polymorphism -- Potential Dietary Interventions -- CATALASE -- NADPH OXIDASE -- NADPH Oxidase Background -- NADPH Polymorphisms -- NADPH Polymorphisms and Health Conditions -- GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE -- MYELOPEROXIDASE -- NADPH DEHYDROGENASE, QUINONE 1 -- NADPH Background -- NADPH Polymorphisms -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 Analysis of Microarray Data -- INTRODUCTION -- NORMALIZATION METHODS -- Per Array Normalization -- Per Gene Normalizations -- DATA ANALYSIS -- Fold Changes in Expression Levels -- Class Discovery-Unsupervised Learning Methods -- Class Prediction-Supervised Learning Methods -- VALIDATION OF MICROARRAY ANALYSIS -- Laboratory Based Validation -- MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Oxidative Stress, Gene Expression, and Lifespan -- INTRODUCTION -- LIFESPAN REGULATION IN C. ELEGANS Aging of C. elegans -- Stress, Hormesis, and Lifespan in C. elegans -- Insulin/IGF-I Signaling and Lifespan Regulation -- Insulin/IGF-I Signaling Pathway and Stress Resistance -- DAF-16 Transcription Target -- Reproductive System and Lifespan -- Nervous System and Lifespan -- Mitochondrial Electron Transport and Lifespan -- LIFESPAN REGULATION IN DROSOPHILA -- LIFESPAN REGULATION IN MAMMALS -- REPLICATIVE LIFESPAN AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. , CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 5 Anti-Oxidant Modulation in Immune Function -- INTRODUCTION -- THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTION INJURY AND INFLAMMATORY AGENTS -- THE FUNCTION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES DURING THE NORMAL RESPONSE TO INFECTION AND INJURY -- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES -- ANTI-OXIDANT DEFENSES ARE INTERLINKED AND INTERDEPENDENT -- A DECLINE IN ANTI-OXIDANT DEFENSES AND INCREASED OXIDANT DAMAGE FOLLOWS INFECTION AND INJURY -- AGING INCREASES OXIDATIVE AND INFLAMMATORY STRESS -- Mechanisms Underlying Low-Grade Inflammation During Aging -- MECHANISMS OF THE EFFECTS OF OXIDANTS AND ANTI-OXIDANTS ON INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION -- EFFECTS OF ANTI-OXIDANTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION Effects of Vitamin E -- Ascorbic Acid and Immune Function -- Glutathione and Immune Function -- EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCES THAT ACT AS PRECURSORS FOR GSH OR COFACTORS IN ENZYME PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH GSH ON IMMUNE FUNCTION Effects of Precursors of GSH on Immune Function -- Effects of Vitamin B6 on Immune Function -- Effects of Folic Acid on Immune Function -- Taurine and Immune Function -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Concentration-Dependent Gene and Protein Expressions of Neuroprotective and Neurotoxic Activities of Antioxidants, Including Nutrients -- INTRODUCTION -- CELLULAR VIABILITY IN RESPONSE TO ANTIOXIDANTS -- EXPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS AND CELL SURVIVAL-RELATED GENES AND PROTEINS IN RESPONSE TO ANTIOXIDANTS -- THE EFFECT OF THE ANTIOXIDANTS ON CASPASE-3 PROTEIN LEVEL AND ACTIVITY -- THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 7 Effects of Antioxidants on Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells -- INTRODUCTION -- OXIDANTS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND NF- MEDIATED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ENDOTHELIUM -- OXIDANTS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND AP-1 MEDIATED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ENDOTHELIUM. , VITAMIN E AND ENDOTHELIAL GENE EXPRESSION -- REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE -- APPLICABILITY TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Fatty Acids, Gene Expression, and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) -- INTRODUCTION -- FATTY ACID STRUCTURE AND TISSUE SOURCES -- METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS Absorption -- Transport as Lipoproteins -- Intracellular Metabolism -- FATTY ACID REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION -- PUFA and Hepatic Lipogenesis -- PUFA Induction of Lipid Oxidation -- Fatty Acids and Adipocytes Gene Expression -- Fatty Acid and Arterial Wall Gene Expression -- PUFA AND THEIR CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION -- TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) -- PPAR Ligands -- Other Families of Transcription Factors that Mediate the PUFA/PUFA Derivative Effect on Gene Expression -- FATTY ACIDS, GENE EXPRESSION, AND THE COORDINATION OF GLUCOSE AND INSULIN HOMEOSTASIS AND LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 9 Cell Regulatory Activity of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols -- CHEMISTRY AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF VE -- ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT, AND METABOLISM -- MOLECULAR TARGETS OF ALPHA TOCOPHEROL Protein Kinase C -- Cell Adhesion Proteins, Chemokines, Scavenger Receptors, and Tropomyosin -- Cyclooxygenase -- NO and Platelet Aggregation -- VE Sensitive Genes In Vivo -- BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TOCOTRIENOLS Anticarcinogenic Properties -- Neuroprotection and Src Activity -- REFERENCES -- 10 Molecular Analysis of the Vitamin A Biosynthetic Pathway -- CAROTENOIDS AND APOCAROTENOIDS: COLORS WITH FUNCTIONS -- VITAMIN A FUNCTIONS IN ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY -- MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENE- 15,150- MONO-OXYGENASES -- IN VERTEBRATES THREE DIFFERENT VP14-HOMOLOGS EXIST -- MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF THE VITAMIN A BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY IN MODEL ORGANISM. , WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM INSECTS? -- MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE VITAMIN A BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY IN VERTEBRATES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Molecular Mechanisms Underlaying the Health Promoting Activity of Lycopene -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY -- MODULATION OF INTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION -- INHIBITION OF CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION -- INHIBITION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR (IGF-1) SIGNALING -- INHIBITION OF HMG-CoA REDUCTASE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12 Cellular Redox Activity and Molecular Functions of Ascorbic Acid -- PROPERTIES OF ASCORBIC ACID -- Nutritional Aspects -- ASCORBIC ACID AND REDOX STATUS Ascorbate Recycling -- Ascorbate Recycling and Metabolism -- MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS OF ASCORBIC ACID Ascorbate Modulation of Collagen Formation -- Ascorbate Modulation of Cell Differentiation -- Modulation of Transcription Factors -- Ascorbate Modulation of Nitric Oxide Production -- Ascorbate-Induced Modulation of DNA Repair -- Ascorbate-Induced Modulation of Other Genes -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 13 Cell Signaling Properties of a-Lipoic Acid: Implications in Type 2 Diabetes -- INTRODUCTION -- DIABETES AND CURRENT STRATEGIES FOR ITS TREATMENT -- TARGETING THE INSULIN-SIGNALING PATHWAY -- LIPOIC ACID IMPROVES GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN TYPE 2 DIABETES -- LIPOIC ACID ACTIVATES THE INSULIN-SIGNALING PATHWAY -- LIPOIC ACID REGULATES ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 14 Dietary Isoflavones and Coronary Artery Disease-Proposed Molecular Mechanisms of Action -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DIETARY SOURCES OF PHYTOESTROGENS -- ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM -- ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MEDIATED MECHANISMS OF ACTION -- Anti-Oxidant Activity -- CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS -- LIPID METABOLISM Animal Studies -- Clinical Studies -- BLOOD PRESSURE -- INFLAMMATION AND CELL ADHESION -- PLATELET AGGREGATION AND ENDOTHELIUM REACTIVITY. , CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 15 Anti-Carcinogenic Properties of Soy Isoflavones -- INTRODUCTION -- ISOFLAVONES -- Isoflavones and Breast Cancer -- Isoflavones and Prostate Cancer -- Isoflavones and Colon Cancer -- ISOFLAVONES AND CANCER-AN OVERVIEW AND THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- 16 Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 on Differential Gene Expression in the Brain -- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EGb 761 -- EXPRESSION IN NEURONAL CELLS -- EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 17 Interactions of Flavonoids and Their Metabolites with Cell Signaling Cascades -- INTRODUCTION -- POTENTIAL BIOACTIVE FORMS OF FLAVONOIDS IN VIVO -- Metabolism in the GI Tract and Liver -- Colonic Metabolism -- Intracellular Metabolism -- MODULATION OF SIGNALING CASCADES BY FLAVONOIDS -- MAP Kinase Signaling and Cell Function -- Interactions of Flavonoids Within Signaling Pathways -- Specific Actions of Flavanols -- Specific Actions of Flavonols -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 18 Antioxidant and Gene Regulatory Properties of Procyanidins -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES AND BIOAVAILABILITY -- ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY -- MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION -- Cardiovascular Related Genes -- Cancer Related Genes -- Inflammation Related Genes -- Application of cDNA Array Techniques -- Other Avenues -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 19 Cell Signaling Properties of Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) -- INTRODUCTION -- INOSITOL COMPOUNDS IN CELLULAR SIGNALING IP3 and Its Receptor -- IP6 and Its Receptor -- IP6 AS A SIGNAL MOLECULE In Mammalian Cells -- Signal Transduction by IP3 and IP6 Along the Evolutionary Tree -- Interactions of IP6 with Other Proteins and Macromolecules -- CELL PROLIFERATION AND CELL CYCLE Normalization of Cell Proliferation -- Induction of Cell Differentiation -- Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) -- NUCLEAR INOSITOL SIGNALING mRNA Transport -- Chromatin Remodeling. , NF- (Nuclear Transcription Factor.