Description: Pliocene d18O records of shallow and deep dwelling planktonic foraminifers from the Caribbean (Ocean Drilling Program sites 999 and 1000), the tropical east Pacific (sites 1241 and 851), and the Atlantic (site 925, Ceara Rise, and site 1006, western Great Bahama Bank) were used to examine Atlantic-Caribbean-Pacific atmospheric and oceanic linkages associated with the progressive closure of the Central American Seaway (5.5–3 Ma). Comparisons indicate the development of an inner-Caribbean salinity gradient in the mixed layer and salinity changes on precessional periodicities after 4.4 Ma (site 1000), when the Pacific-Caribbean throughflow became significantly restricted. The high-amplitude variability in salinity is also observed at site 1006, monitoring the Caribbean outflow into the Atlantic. Comparisons of Caribbean and Atlantic planktonic d18O records suggest the North Atlantic subtropical gyre as a major source for high-salinity surface waters. Precession-induced variations in the volume transport of Pacific surface water masses through the Panamanian Seaway are considered a main factor to explain the Caribbean salinity minima. Results from a coupled climate model point to changes in the El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation state as a potential trigger for changes in the amount of Pacific inflow into the Caribbean.

Description: We constructed a high-resolution Mg/Ca record on the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer in order to explore the change in sea surface temperature (SST) due to the shoaling of the Isthmus of Panama as well as the impact of secondary factors like diagenesis and large salinity fluctuations. The study covers the latest Miocene and the early Pliocene (5.6–3.9 Ma) and was combined with δ18O to isolate changes in sea surface salinity (SSS). Before 4.5 Ma, SSTMg/Ca and SSS show moderate fluctuations, indicating a free exchange of surface ocean water masses between the Pacific and the Atlantic. The increase in δ18O after 4.5 Ma represents increasing salinities in the Caribbean due to the progressive closure of the Panamanian Gateway. The increase in Mg/Ca toward values of maximum 7 mmol/mol suggests that secondary influences have played a significant role. Evidence of crystalline overgrowths on the foraminiferal tests in correlation with aragonite, Sr/Ca, and productivity cyclicities indicates a diagenetic overprint on the foraminiferal tests. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analyses, however, do not show significantly increased Mg/Ca ratios in the crystalline overgrowths, and neither do calculations based on pore water data conclusively result in significantly elevated Mg/Ca ratios in the crystalline overgrowths. Alternatively, the elevated Mg/Ca ratios might have been caused by salinity as the δ18O record of Site 1000 has been interpreted to represent large fluctuations in SSS, and cultivating experiments have shown an increase in Mg/Ca with increasing salinity. We conclude that the Mg/Ca record 〈4.5 Ma can only reliably be considered for paleoceanographical purposes when the minimum values, not showing any evidence of secondary influences, are used, resulting in a warming of central Caribbean surface water masses after 4.5 Ma of ∼2°C.

Description: High-resolution bulk sediment (magnetic susceptibility and aragonite content) and δ18O records from two different planktonic foraminifera species were analyzed in an early Pliocene core interval from the Straits of Florida (Ocean Drilling Program site 1006). The δ18O record of the shallow-dwelling foraminifera G. sacculifer and the aragonite content are dominated by sub-Milankovitch variability. In contrast, magnetic susceptibility and the δ18O record of the deeper-dwelling foraminifera G. menardii show precession cycles. The relationship between the aragonite and the paleoproxy data suggests that the export of sediment from the adjacent Great Bahama Bank was triggered directly by atmospheric processes rather than by sea level change. We propose a climate mechanism that bears similarities with the semiannual cycle component of eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures under present-day conditions.

Description: Organic biomarker and nannofossil assemblages are used in combination with sedimentary petrology to identify the role of diagenesis for the formation of a rhythmic calcareous succession. A record from the Early Pliocene of the Maldives (Ocean Drilling Program, ODP Leg 115) is presented containing precession and eccentricity cycles expressed as variable aragonite content. Additional sub-Milankovitch cycles are caused by rhythmic precipitation of calcite cement in the lower part of the interval. Comparison with palaeo-productivity indicators (nannofossils, chlorin, total organic carbon) suggests that cementation occurs preferentially in intervals characterized by increasing or decreasing productivity. The coupled variability in productivity and carbonate diagenesis is attributed to the effect of organic matter degradation in the sediment. The observed combination of primary and diagenetic factors hampers the interpretation of the cyclicity on Milankovitch and sub-Milankovitch scales. Diagenetically stable proxies for palaeo-productivity, such as nannofossil assemblage data, were used to distinguish between palaeoclimate and diagenetic influences.

Description: In a sediment core from the leeward side of the Great Bahama Bank (Ocean Drilling Program ODP-Leg 166, 1006A-24H, early Pliocene) several paleoceanographic proxies were compared with carbonate mineralogy. The proxies measured on the planktonic foraminifera species Globigerinoides sacculifer are Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca elemental ratios, and δ18O values. These proxies are widely used in pelagic sediments to derive parameters of water masses, such as paleo-temperature and -salinity. To produce quantitative estimates it is necessary to verify that the primary shell mineralogy of the foraminifera was not altered diagenetically. Diagenetic alteration can be rapid in periplatform settings relative to pelagic deep-sea sediments, since the meta-stable carbonate phases provide an additional driving force for recrystallisation. We show that the Sr/Ca ratio of foraminiferal calcite can be used to assess the degree of diagenetic alteration of their shell chemistry. Using this method, we demonstrate that the primary signal in the oxygen-isotope ratios is preserved in the studied core. In the Mg/Ca record, the relative change of foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios seems to be preserved, but absolute values are influenced by diagenesis. The second set of proxies comprises δ13C and C/N ratios of organic carbon. These are used in pelagic sediments in order to assess the origin of organic carbon (terrestrial or marine phytoplankton). It is demonstrated here that a simple two-end mixing model cannot explain the observed co-occurrence of relatively high δ13Corg and C/N values. As the δ13Corg values co-vary with the aragonite content, we attribute this signature to varying contribution of organic carbon from benthic algae, which are also the major aragonite producers on the platform top.