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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ENSO as an Integrating Concept in Earth Science
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2006
    In:  Science Vol. 314, No. 5806 ( 2006-12-15), p. 1740-1745
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 314, No. 5806 ( 2006-12-15), p. 1740-1745
    Abstract: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle of alternating warm El Niño and cold La Niña events is the dominant year-to-year climate signal on Earth. ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific through interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, but its environmental and socioeconomic impacts are felt worldwide. Spurred on by the powerful 1997–1998 El Niño, efforts to understand the causes and consequences of ENSO have greatly expanded in the past few years. These efforts reveal the breadth of ENSO's influence on the Earth system and the potential to exploit its predictability for societal benefit. However, many intertwined issues regarding ENSO dynamics, impacts, forecasting, and applications remain unresolved. Research to address these issues will not only lead to progress across a broad range of scientific disciplines but also provide an opportunity to educate the public and policy makers about the importance of climate variability and change in the modern world.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1132588
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Controls on tropical Pacific Ocean productivity revealed through nutrient stress diagnostics
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2006
    In:  Nature Vol. 442, No. 7106 ( 2006-8), p. 1025-1028
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 442, No. 7106 ( 2006-8), p. 1025-1028
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/nature05083
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anatomy and Decadal Evolution of the Pacific Subtropical–Tropical Cells (STCs)*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 18, No. 18 ( 2005-09-15), p. 3739-3758
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 18 ( 2005-09-15), p. 3739-3758
    Abstract: The output from an ocean general circulation model driven by observed surface forcing (1958–97) is used to examine the evolution and relative timing of the different branches of the Pacific Subtropical–Tropical Cells (STCs) at both interannual and decadal time scales, with emphasis on the 1976–77 climate shift. The STCs consist of equatorward pycnocline transports in the ocean interior and in the western boundary current, equatorial upwelling, and poleward flow in the surface Ekman layer. The interior pycnocline transports exhibit a decreasing trend after the mid-1970s, in agreement with observational transport estimates, and are largely anticorrelated with both the Ekman transports and the boundary current transports at the same latitudes. The boundary current changes tend to compensate for the interior changes at both interannual and decadal time scales. The meridional transport convergence across 9°S and 9°N as well as the equatorial upwelling are strongly correlated with the changes in sea surface temperature (SST) in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. However, meridional transport variations do not occur simultaneously at each longitude, so that to understand the phase relationship between transport and SST variations it is important to consider the baroclinic ocean adjustment through westward-propagating Rossby waves. The anticorrelation between boundary current changes and interior transport changes can also be understood in terms of the baroclinic adjustment process. In this simulation, the pycnocline transport variations appear to be primarily confined within the Tropics, with maxima around 10°S and 13°N, and related to the local wind forcing; a somewhat different perspective from previous studies that have emphasized the role of wind variations in the subtropics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3496.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2006
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 33, No. 6 ( 2006)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 33, No. 6 ( 2006)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2005GL024772
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Saharan Dust on Tropical North Atlantic SST*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 21, No. 19 ( 2008-10-01), p. 5048-5060
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 21, No. 19 ( 2008-10-01), p. 5048-5060
    Abstract: A combination of satellite and in situ datasets is used to investigate the impact of interannual changes in atmospheric dust content on the sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Throughout most of the region the authors find, in agreement with previous studies, that positive anomalies of dust are associated with a significant reduction in surface shortwave radiation (SWR), while negative anomalies of dust are associated with an enhancement of SWR. Statistical analysis for 1984–2000 suggests that changes in dustiness in the tropical North Atlantic (10°–25°N, 20°–60°W) explained approximately 35% of the observed interannual SST variability during boreal summer, when climatological dust concentrations are highest. Measurements from a long-term moored buoy in the central tropical North Atlantic are used to investigate the causes of anomalously cool SST that occurred in conjunction with a period of enhanced dustiness at the start of the unexpectedly quiet 2006 hurricane season. It is found that surface SWR varied out of phase with dustiness, consistent with historical analyses. However, most of the anomalous cooling occurred prior to the period of enhanced dustiness and was driven primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, with horizontal oceanic heat advection and SWR playing secondary roles. These results indicate that dust-induced changes in SWR did not play a major direct role in the cooling that led up to the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2232.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Barrier Layer Thickness on SST in the Central Tropical North Atlantic*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2009-01-15), p. 285-299
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2009-01-15), p. 285-299
    Abstract: Measurements from three long-term moored buoys are used to investigate the impact of barrier layer thickness (BLT) on the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the central tropical North Atlantic Ocean. It is found that seasonal variations of the BLT exert a considerable influence on SST through their modulation of the vertical heat flux at the base of the mixed layer, estimated as the residual in the mixed layer heat balance. Cooling associated with this term is strongest when the barrier layer is thin and the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer is strong. Conversely, thick barrier layers are associated with a significant reduction in the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer, which suppresses the upward transfer of cooler water into the mixed layer. Forced ocean and coupled ocean–atmosphere models that do not properly simulate the barrier layer may have difficulty reproducing the observed seasonal cycle of SST in the tropical North Atlantic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2308.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Oceanic Heat Advection in the Evolution of Tropical North and South Atlantic SST Anomalies*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 19, No. 23 ( 2006-12-01), p. 6122-6138
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 23 ( 2006-12-01), p. 6122-6138
    Abstract: The role of horizontal oceanic heat advection in the generation of tropical North and South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated through an analysis of the oceanic mixed layer heat balance. It is found that SST anomalies poleward of 10° are driven primarily by a combination of wind-induced latent heat loss and shortwave radiation. Away from the eastern boundary, horizontal advection damps surface flux–forced SST anomalies due to a combination of mean meridional Ekman currents acting on anomalous meridional SST gradients, and anomalous meridional currents acting on the mean meridional SST gradient. Horizontal advection is likely to have the most significant effect on the interhemispheric SST gradient mode through its impact in the 10°–20° latitude bands of each hemisphere, where the variability in advection is strongest and its negative correlation with the surface heat flux is highest. In addition to the damping effect of horizontal advection in these latitude bands, evidence for coupled wind–SST feedbacks is found, with anomalous equatorward (poleward) SST gradients contributing to enhanced (reduced) westward surface winds and an equatorward propagation of SST anomalies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3961.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mixed Layer Heat Balance on Intraseasonal Time Scales in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 18, No. 20 ( 2005-10-15), p. 4168-4184
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 20 ( 2005-10-15), p. 4168-4184
    Abstract: Recent observations have shown evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (with periods of approximately 1–2 months) in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic trade winds. In this paper, the oceanic response to the observed intraseasonal wind variability is addressed through an analysis of the surface mixed layer heat balance, focusing on three locations in the northwestern tropical Atlantic where in situ measurements from moored buoys are available (14.5°N, 51°W; 15°N, 38°W; and 18°N, 34°W). It is found that local heat storage at all three locations is balanced primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, which is the same mechanism that is believed to play a dominant role on interannual and decadal time scales in the region. It is also found that the intraseasonal wind speed oscillations are linked to changes in surface wind convergence and convection over the western equatorial Atlantic warm pool. These atmospheric circulation anomalies and wind-induced SST anomalies potentially feed back on one another to affect longer time-scale variability in the region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3531.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Eastern Equatorial Pacific Forcing of ENSO Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 21, No. 22 ( 2008-11-15), p. 6070-6079
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 21, No. 22 ( 2008-11-15), p. 6070-6079
    Abstract: Previous studies have described the impacts of wind stress variations in the eastern Pacific on sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. However, these studies have usually focused on individual El Niño events and typically have not considered impacts on La Niña—the cold phase of the ENSO cycle. This paper examines effects of wind stress and heat flux forcing on interannual SST variations in the eastern equatorial Pacific from sensitivity tests using an ocean general circulation model over the period 1980–2002. Results indicate that in the Niño-3 region (5°N–5°S, 90°–150°W) a zonal wind stress anomaly of 0.01 N m−2 leads to about 1°C SST anomaly and that air–sea heat fluxes tend to damp interannual SST anomalies generated by other physical processes at a rate of about 40 W m−2 (°C)−1. These results systematically quantify expectations from previous event specific numerical model studies that local forcing in the eastern Pacific can significantly affect the evolution of both warm and cold phases of the ENSO cycle. The results are also consistent with a strictly empirical analysis that indicates that a wind stress anomaly of 0.01 N m−2 leads to ∼1°C SST anomaly in the Niño-3 region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2422.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Decadal variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity since 1970
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 112, No. C3 ( 2007-03-17)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. C3 ( 2007-03-17)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006JC003801
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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