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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ethanol-Induced Increase in the Metabolic Clearance of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in Human Volunteers
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2006
    In:  Toxicological Sciences Vol. 92, No. 1 ( 2006-07-01), p. 61-70
    Details
    In: Toxicological Sciences, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 92, No. 1 ( 2006-07-01), p. 61-70
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1096-6080 , 1096-0929
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj210
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport and Entrainment in the Red Sea Outflow Plume
    American Meteorological Society ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2007-04-01), p. 819-836
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 37, No. 4 ( 2007-04-01), p. 819-836
    Abstract: The Red Sea outflow exhibits strong seasonal variability in outflow transport due to effects of monsoon winds and seasonal fluctuations in buoyancy forcing. As it descends the continental slope in the western Gulf of Aden, it entrains significantly less-dense near-surface water, which itself varies on seasonal time scales. High-resolution hydrographic and direct velocity data collected during the 2001 Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX) are used herein to characterize and quantify the pathways of the Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW) and the associated entrainment of Gulf of Aden Water. The outflow transport exhibits a maximum in winter of about 0.29 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) at the exit of the Bab-el-Mandeb and approximately doubles to 0.56 Sv as it descends into the Gulf of Aden and entrains ambient water. In summer, the outflow is much weaker, reaching about 0.06 Sv at the strait and about 0.18 Sv downstream. The outflow plume divides into three distinct branches in winter, consisting of descending branches along two bathymetrically confined channels (the “Northern” and “Southern” channels, respectively), and an adjusted intrusion layer at shallower depths in the water column. Estimates of transport of “pure” Red Sea Outflow Water through salt flux conservation show the general partitioning of the outflow between the individual plumes, where the Northern Channel (NC) accounts for 52% of Red Sea Outflow Water, the Southern Channel (SC) carries 31%, and the intrusion layer (IL) the remaining 17%. The results also indicate that the transport of Red Sea Outflow Water is subject to considerable synoptic temporal variability that is unresolved by the present study.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO2993.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structure and downstream evolution of the Agulhas Current system during a quasi-synoptic survey in February–March 2003
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 114, No. C3 ( 2009-03-03)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 114, No. C3 ( 2009-03-03)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2008JC004954
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2009
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Observations of the summer Red Sea circulation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 112, No. C6 ( 2007-06-30)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. C6 ( 2007-06-30)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006JC003886
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bottom Layer Turbulence in the Red Sea Outflow Plume
    American Meteorological Society ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2006-09-01), p. 1763-1785
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2006-09-01), p. 1763-1785
    Abstract: Turbulence in the Red Sea outflow plume in the western Gulf of Aden was observed with an upward-looking, five-beam, 600-kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The “Bottom Lander” ADCP was deployed on the seafloor in two narrow, topographically confined outflow channels south of Bab el Mandeb for periods of 18–40 h at three locations at 376-, 496-, and 772-m depths. Two deployments were taken during the winter season of maximum outflow from the Red Sea and two in the summer season of minimum outflow. These short-term observations exhibit red velocity spectra with high-frequency fluctuations of typically a few centimeters per second RMS velocity during strong plume flow as well as strong subtidal variations. In one winter season event, the plume flow was reduced by a factor of 4 over an 18-h time span. In variance-preserving form, velocity spectra show a separation at frequencies of 0.3–3 cycles per hour between low-frequency and high-frequency signals. The latter show significant coherence between horizontal and vertical velocity components; hence they carried turbulent stress. Based on a comparison with velocity spectra from atmospheric mixed-layer observations, the authors argue that large variance at frequencies of the order of 1 cph was possibly associated with bottom-generated, upward-propagating internal waves. One coherent feature that matched such waves was observed directly. Higher frequencies correspond to turbulent motions of energy-carrying scales. The turbulent Reynolds stress at heights above the bottom between 4 and 30–40 m was computed for most of the ADCP observations. Near the bottom, the streamwise turbulent stress and the streamwise velocity followed a quadratic drag law with drag coefficients ranging from 0.002 to 0.008. There was also significant spanwise stress, hinting at the three-dimensional nature of the boundary layer flow. The time–height variations of the stress and its spectrum proved to be complex, one of its most striking features being angles of up to ∼40° between the direction of the stress and that of the low-frequency flow. The turbulent shear production and eddy viscosity were also examined. On the technical side, the paper discusses the role of the fifth, center-beam velocity measurements in correcting for instrument tilt along with the effect of beam spreading in the 30° Janus configuration of the “regular” four ADCP beams. Instrumental noise and detection limits for the stress are also established.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO2939.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Equilibration and Circulation of Red Sea Outflow Water in the Western Gulf of Aden*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 35, No. 11 ( 2005-11-01), p. 1963-1985
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 35, No. 11 ( 2005-11-01), p. 1963-1985
    Abstract: Hydrographic, direct velocity, and subsurface float observations from the 2001 Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX) are analyzed to investigate the gravitational and dynamical adjustment of the Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW) where it is injected into the open ocean in the western Gulf of Aden. During the winter REDSOX cruise, when outflow transport was large, several intermediate-depth salinity maxima (product waters) were formed from various bathymetrically confined branches of the outflow plume, ranging in depth from 400 to 800 m and in potential density from 27.0 to 27.5 σθ, a result of different mixing intensity along each branch. The outflow product waters were not dense enough to sink to the seafloor during either the summer or winter REDSOX cruises, but analysis of previous hydrographic and mooring data and results from a one-dimensional plume model suggest that they may be so during wintertime surges of strong outflow currents, or about 20% of the time during winter. Once vertically equilibrated in the Gulf of Aden, the shallowest RSOW was strongly influenced by mesoscale eddies that swept it farther into the gulf. The deeper RSOW was initially more confined by the walls of the Tadjura Rift, but eventually it escaped from the rift and was advected mainly southward along the continental slope. There was no evidence of a continuous boundary undercurrent of RSOW similar to the Mediterranean Undercurrent in the Gulf of Cadiz. This is explained by considering 1) the variability in outflow transport and 2) several different criteria for separation of a jet at a sharp corner, which indicate that the outflow currents should separate from the boundary where they are injected into the gulf.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO2787.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aegean Surface Circulation from a Satellite-Tracked Drifter Array
    American Meteorological Society ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 37, No. 7 ( 2007-07-01), p. 1898-1917
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 37, No. 7 ( 2007-07-01), p. 1898-1917
    Abstract: A pilot experiment using an array of 45 drifters to explore the circulation in the north and central Aegean Sea is described. The global positioning system drifters with holey-sock drogues provide positions every hour with data recovery through the Argos system. The drifters were launched in four separate deployments over a 1-yr period. The resulting trajectories confirm the existence of a current around the rim of the basin consistent with a buoyancy plume created by the outflow of Black Sea waters through the Dardanelles (Strait of Çanakkale in Turkish). The degree to which this is augmented by an Ekman response to the dominant northerly winds is not obvious in the dataset owing to mesoscale dynamics that obscure the existence of any westward Ekman flow. The mesoscale eddy field involves anticylonic eddies in the current around the rim of the basin consistent with eddies with low-salinity-water cores. Cyclones are also seen, with the most prominent forming over deep regions in the basin topography. The array also documents the interaction of the currents with the straits through the Sporades and Cyclades island groups. These interactions are complicated by the nature of the mesoscale flow and in some trajectories suggest a Bernouilli acceleration in straits; in others the flow through the island groups appears to be more diffusive and involves deceleration and eddy motions. The rapid sampling by the drifters reveals an extremely nonlinear submesoscale eddy field in the basin with length scales less than 4 km and Rossby numbers of order 1. A better understanding of the dynamics of these features is of importance for understanding the circulation of the basin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO3028.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 8
    Online Resource
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    Deep western boundary current east of Abaco: Mean structure and transport
    Journal of Marine Research/Yale ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Marine Research Vol. 63, No. 1 ( 2005-01-01), p. 35-57
    Details
    In: Journal of Marine Research, Journal of Marine Research/Yale, Vol. 63, No. 1 ( 2005-01-01), p. 35-57
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-2402 , 1543-9542
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1357/0022240053693806
    Language: English
    Publisher: Journal of Marine Research/Yale
    Publication Date: 2005
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066603-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
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    Observed Flow Compensation Associated with the MOC at 26.5°N in the Atlantic
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2007
    In:  Science Vol. 317, No. 5840 ( 2007-08-17), p. 938-941
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 317, No. 5840 ( 2007-08-17), p. 938-941
    Abstract: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC), which provides one-quarter of the global meridional heat transport, is composed of a number of separate flow components. How changes in the strength of each of those components may affect that of the others has been unclear because of a lack of adequate data. We continuously observed the MOC at 26.5°N for 1 year using end-point measurements of density, bottom pressure, and ocean currents; cable measurements across the Straits of Florida; and wind stress. The different transport components largely compensate for each other, thus confirming the validity of our monitoring approach. The MOC varied over the period of observation by ±5.7 × 10 6 cubic meters per second, with density-inferred and wind-driven transports contributing equally to it. We find evidence for depth-independent compensation for the wind-driven surface flow.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1141293
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007
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    SSG: 11
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Mixing and Entrainment in the Red Sea Outflow Plume. Part II: Turbulence Characteristics
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography Vol. 35, No. 5 ( 2005-05-01), p. 584-600
    Details
    In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 35, No. 5 ( 2005-05-01), p. 584-600
    Abstract: South of the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, saline Red Sea Water flows downslope into the Gulf of Aden mainly along the narrow 130-km-long “Northern Channel” (NC) and the shorter and wider “Southern Channel” (SC). In the NC, the Red Sea plume simultaneously exhibited weak entrainment into a 35–120-m-thick, weakly stratified bottom layer while a 35–285-m-thick interfacial layer above showed signs of vigorous mixing, overturns up to 30 m thick, and extensive zones of gradient Richardson numbers below 1/4. Turbulent overturning scales, or Thorpe scales, are extracted from regular CTD profiles and equated to Ozmidov scales. On this basis, interfacial mixing is quantified in terms of estimated turbulent dissipation rates, vertical turbulent salt flux, and interfacial stress. Even though these estimates are subject to significant uncertainty, they demonstrate the intensity of mixing during strong winter outflow in terms of eddy diffusivities Kρ on the order of 10−2 m2 s−1. The large Kρ occur in strong stratification such that vertical turbulent salt fluxes are also large. Along the NC, relative maxima of Kρ correspond to maxima in the bulk Froude number. Direct short-term measurements of the Reynolds stress just above the seafloor at two locations, one in the NC and one in the SC, allow comparisons of the bottom stress τb with the interfacial turbulent stress τi. The ratio τi/τb shows large scatter in a small sample, with maximum values on the order of 1. An appendix outlines procedures of making and reducing lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements optimized for observing descending plumes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0485 , 0022-3670
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO2689.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2042184-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 184162-2
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