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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The ENSO Signal in the Stratosphere
    Wiley ; 2008
    In:  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 1146, No. 1 ( 2008-12), p. 16-31
    Details
    In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Wiley, Vol. 1146, No. 1 ( 2008-12), p. 16-31
    Abstract: Although the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a tropospheric phenomenon, its effects are also observed in the stratosphere. Traditionally, the study of ENSO above the troposphere has been difficult because of the lack of global observations at high altitudes and also because of the presence of other sources of variability whose signals are difficult to disentangle from ENSO effects. Recent work with general circulation models that isolate the ENSO signal have demonstrated its upward propagation into the stratosphere. Here we review the literature in this field and show results from the most recent version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to illustrate the propagation and the mechanisms whereby the signal manifests itself in the stratosphere. The ENSO signal propagates upward to about 40 km by means of large‐scale Rossby waves. The propagation is strongly influenced by the zonal mean zonal winds. Most of the strong ENSO events tend to peak in the boreal winter and so the ENSO signal is observed mainly at high latitudes during the Northern Hemisphere winter where the winds are westerly and allow Rossby wave propagation. The ENSO signal is also identified at polar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere winter in the form of warmer temperatures and weaker winds during a strong El Niño event. This signal shows a zonally homogeneous behavior from the intensification of the stratospheric meridional circulation (in which air rises in the tropics and moves toward the winter pole where it descends) forced by anomalous propagation and dissipation of Rossby waves at middle latitudes during strong ENSO events.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0077-8923 , 1749-6632
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1196/nyas.2008.1146.issue-1
    DOI: 10.1196/annals.1446.008
    RVK:
    TD 7650
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of heterogeneous processes in the polar lower stratosphere in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 112, No. D24 ( 2007-12-21)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. D24 ( 2007-12-21)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008334
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 3
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    Attribution of decadal variability in lower-stratospheric tropical ozone
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 34, No. 21 ( 2007-11-06)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 34, No. 21 ( 2007-11-06)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2007GL030935
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 4
    Online Resource
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    Long-term middle atmospheric influence of very large solar proton events
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 114, No. D11 ( 2009-06-10)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 114, No. D11 ( 2009-06-10)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2008JD011415
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 5
    Online Resource
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    The Impact of Stratospheric Ozone Recovery on Tropopause Height Trends
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2009-01-15), p. 429-445
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2009-01-15), p. 429-445
    Abstract: The evolution of the tropopause in the past, present, and future climate is examined by analyzing a set of long-term integrations with stratosphere-resolving chemistry climate models (CCMs). These CCMs have high vertical resolution near the tropopause, a model top located in the mesosphere or above, and, most important, fully interactive stratospheric chemistry. Using such CCM integrations, it is found that the tropopause pressure (height) will continue to decrease (increase) in the future, but with a trend weaker than that in the recent past. The reduction in the future tropopause trend is shown to be directly associated with stratospheric ozone recovery. A significant ozone recovery occurs in the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere of the CCMs, and this leads to a relative warming there that reduces the tropopause trend in the twenty-first century. The future tropopause trends predicted by the CCMs are considerably smaller than those predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models, especially in the southern high latitudes. This difference persists even when the CCMs are compared with the subset of the AR4 model integrations for which stratospheric ozone recovery was prescribed. These results suggest that a realistic representation of the stratospheric processes might be important for a reliable estimate of tropopause trends. The implications of these finding for the Southern Hemisphere climate change are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2215.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 6
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    Dynamics of the middle atmosphere as simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 3 (WACCM3)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 113, No. D8 ( 2008-04-16)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 113, No. D8 ( 2008-04-16)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009269
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Massive global ozone loss predicted following regional nuclear conflict
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2008
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 105, No. 14 ( 2008-04-08), p. 5307-5312
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, No. 14 ( 2008-04-08), p. 5307-5312
    Abstract: We use a chemistry-climate model and new estimates of smoke produced by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the impact on stratospheric ozone of a regional nuclear war between developing nuclear states involving 100 Hiroshima-size bombs exploded in cities in the northern subtropics. We find column ozone losses in excess of 20% globally, 25–45% at midlatitudes, and 50–70% at northern high latitudes persisting for 5 years, with substantial losses continuing for 5 additional years. Column ozone amounts remain near or 〈 220 Dobson units at all latitudes even after three years, constituting an extratropical “ozone hole.” The resulting increases in UV radiation could impact the biota significantly, including serious consequences for human health. The primary cause for the dramatic and persistent ozone depletion is heating of the stratosphere by smoke, which strongly absorbs solar radiation. The smoke-laden air rises to the upper stratosphere, where removal mechanisms are slow, so that much of the stratosphere is ultimately heated by the localized smoke injections. Higher stratospheric temperatures accelerate catalytic reaction cycles, particularly those of odd-nitrogen, which destroy ozone. In addition, the strong convection created by rising smoke plumes alters the stratospheric circulation, redistributing ozone and the sources of ozone-depleting gases, including N 2 O and chlorofluorocarbons. The ozone losses predicted here are significantly greater than previous “nuclear winter/UV spring” calculations, which did not adequately represent stratospheric plume rise. Our results point to previously unrecognized mechanisms for stratospheric ozone depletion.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710058105
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Large-Scale Waves in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Observed by SABER
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 62, No. 12 ( 2005-12-01), p. 4384-4399
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 62, No. 12 ( 2005-12-01), p. 4384-4399
    Abstract: Observations made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board NASA’s Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite have been processed using Salby’s fast Fourier synoptic mapping (FFSM) algorithm. The mapped data provide a first synoptic look at the mean structure and traveling waves of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) since the launch of the TIMED satellite in December 2001. The results show the presence of various wave modes in the MLT, which reach largest amplitude above the mesopause and include Kelvin and Rossby–gravity waves, eastward-propagating diurnal oscillations (“non-sun-synchronous tides”), and a set of quasi-normal modes associated with the so-called 2-day wave. The latter exhibits marked seasonal variability, attaining large amplitudes during the solstices and all but disappearing at the equinoxes. SABER data also show a strong quasi-stationary Rossby wave signal throughout the middle atmosphere of the winter hemisphere; the signal extends into the Tropics and even into the summer hemisphere in the MLT, suggesting ducting by westerly background zonal winds. At certain times of the year, the 5-day Rossby normal mode and the 4-day wave associated with instability of the polar night jet are also prominent in SABER data.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JAS3612.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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  • 9
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    Acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation due to Increases in Greenhouse Gases
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Vol. 65, No. 8 ( 2008-08-01), p. 2731-2739
    Details
    In: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 65, No. 8 ( 2008-08-01), p. 2731-2739
    Abstract: The acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson circulation under rising concentrations of greenhouse gases is investigated using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. The circulation strengthens as a result of increased wave driving in the subtropical lower stratosphere, which in turn occurs because of enhanced propagation and dissipation of waves in this region. Enhanced wave propagation is due to changes in tropospheric and lower-stratospheric zonal-mean winds, which become more westerly. Ultimately, these trends follow from changes in the zonal-mean temperature distribution caused by the greenhouse effect. The circulation in the middle and upper stratosphere also accelerates as a result of filtering of parameterized gravity waves by stronger subtropical westerly winds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0469 , 0022-4928
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JAS2712.1
    RVK:
    UA 4800
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 10
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    ENSO influence on zonal mean temperature and ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere : ENSO IN TROPICAL LOWER STRATOSPHERE
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2009
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 36, No. 15 ( 2009-08-16), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 36, No. 15 ( 2009-08-16), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2009GL039343
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2009
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