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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remote sensing of canopy chemistry and nitrogen cycling in temperate forest ecosystems (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 335 (1988), S. 154-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Remote sensing is used increasingly for the measurements required to develop landscape, regional and global assessments of the state of the biosphere. To date, most applications of remote sensing to terrestrial ecosystems have involved the estimation of foliar area and biomass, or absorbed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335154a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine root turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to quantity and form of nitrogen availability: a comparison of two methods (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 66 (1985), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two methods of estimating fine root production and turnover are compared for 13 forest ecosystems exhibiting a wide range in form (NH4 + vs. NO3 -) and quantity of available nitrogen. The two methods are by comparison of seasonal maxima and minima in biomess and by nitrogen budgeting. Both methods give similar results for stands with low rates of nitrification. The budgeting method predicts higher fine root turnover and productivity than the max-min method for systems with significant rates of nitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378292
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fixation in subarctic streams influenced by beaver (Castor canadensis) (1985)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 121 (1985), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; beaver ; Castor canadensis ; nitrogen fixation ; streams ; subarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation was measured in four subarctic streams substantially modified by beaver (Castor canadensis) in Quebec. Acetylene-ethylene (C2H2 → C2H4) reduction techniques were used during the 1982 ice-free period (May–October) to estimate nitrogen fixation by microorganisms colonizing wood and sediment. Mean seasonal fixation rates were low and patchy, ranging from zero to 2.3 × 10−3 µmol C2H4 · cm−2 · h−1 for wood, and from zero to 7.0 × 10−3 µmol C2H4 · g AFDM−1 · h−1 for sediment; 77% of all wood and 63% of all sediment measurements showed no C2H2 reduction. Nonparametric statistical tests were unable to show a significant difference (p 〉 0.05) in C2H2 reduction rates between or within sites for wood species or by sediment depth. Nitrogen contributed by microorganisms colonizing wood in riffles of beaver influenced watersheds was small (e.g., 0.207 g N · m−2 · y−1) but greater than that for wood in beaver ponds (e.g., 0.008 g N · m−2 · y−1) or for streams without beaver (e.g., 0.003 g N · m−2 · y−1). Although mass specific nitrogen fixation rates did not change significantly as beaver transform riffles into ponds, the nitrogen fixed by organisms colonizing sediment in pond areas (e.g., 5.1 g N · m−2 · y−1) was greater than that in riffles (e.g., 0.42 g N · m−2 · y−1). The annual nitrogen contribution is proportional to the amount of sediment available for microbial colonization. We estimate that total nitrogen accumulation in sediment, per unit area, is enhanced 9 to 44 fold by beaver damming a section of stream.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017543
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: Plant litter to soil organic matter (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; decomposition ; δ13C ; δ15N ; lignin ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decay processes in an ecosystem can be thought of as a continuum beginning with the input of plant litter and leading to the formation of soil organic matter. As an example of this continuum, we review a 77-month study of the decay of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter. We tracked the changes in C chemistry and the N pool in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter during the 77-month period using standard chemical techniques and stable isotope, analyses of C and N. Mass loss is best described by a two-phase model: an initial phase of constant mass loss and a phase of very slow loss dominated by degradation of ‘lignocellulose’ (acid soluble sugars plus acid insoluble C compounds). As the decaying litter enters the second phase, the ratio of lignin to lignin and cellulose (the lignocellulose index, LCI) approaches 0.7. Thereafter, the LCI increases only slightly throughout the decay continuum indicating that acid insoluble materials (‘lignin’) dominate decay in the latter part of the continuum. Nitrogen dynamics are also best described by a two-phase model: a phase of N net immobilization followed by a phase of N net mineralization. Small changes in C and N isotopic composition were observed during litter decay. Larger changes were observed with depth in the soil profile. An understanding of factors that control ‘lignin’ degradation is key to predicting the patterns of mass loss and N dynamics late in decay. The hypothesis that labile C is needed for ‘lignin’ degradation must be evaluated and the sources of this C must be identified. Also, the hypothesis that the availability of inorganic N slows ‘lignin’ decay must be evaluated in soil systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202587
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary production and nitrogen allocation of field grown sugar maples in relation to nitrogen availability (1985)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 1 (1985), S. 135-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Retranslocation ; in situ incubation ; canopy nitrogen ; nitrogen use efficiency ; stagnation ; canopy structure ; buried polyethylene bags
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Above ground net primary production (NPP), nitrogen (N) allocation, and retranslocation from senescing leaves were measured in 7 sugar-maple dominated sites having annual net N mineralization rates ranging from 26 to 94 kg · ha−1 · yr−1. The following responses were observed: (1) Green sun leaves on richer sites had higher N mass per unit leaf area than sun leaves on poorer sites; (2) Total canopy N varied much less than annual net mineralization, ranging from 81 to 111 kg · ha−1; (3) This was due to the existence of a large and relatively constant pool of N which was retranslocated from senescing leaves for use the following year (54 to 80 kg · ha−1); (4) The percentage of canopy N retranslocated by sugar maple was also relatively constant, but was slightly higher on the richer sites. Percent N in leaf litter did not change across the gradient; (5) Above ground NPP increased linearly in relation to N allocated above ground. Therefore, N use efficiency, expressed as above ground NPP divided by N allocated above ground was constant; (6) N use efficiency expressed as (NPP above ground/total N availability) was a curvilinear function of N availability; and (7) This pattern reflected a decreasing apparent allocation of N below ground with decreasing N availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185038
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  • 6
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    Effects of ozone on net primary production and carbon sequestration in the conterminous United States using a biogeochemistry model (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2004. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Tellus B 56 (2004): 230-248, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00097.x.
    Description: The effects of air pollution on vegetation may provide an important control on the carbon cycle that has not yet been widely considered. Prolonged exposure to high levels of ozone, in particular, has been observed to inhibit photosynthesis by direct cellular damage within the leaves and through possible changes in stomatal conductance. We have incorporated empirical equations derived for trees (hardwoods and pines) and crops into the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model to explore the effects of ozone on net primary production and carbon sequestration across the conterminous United States. Our results show a 2.6 – 6.8% mean reduction for the U.S. in annual Net Primary Production (NPP) in response to modeled historical ozone levels during the late 1980s-early 1990s. The largest decreases (over 13% in some locations) occur in the Midwest agricultural lands, during the mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Carbon sequestration since the 1950s has been reduced by 18 - 38 Tg C yr-1 with the presence of ozone. Thus the effects of ozone on NPP and carbon sequestration should be factored into future calculations of the US carbon budget.
    Description: This study was funded by the Biocomplexity Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (ATM-0120468), the Methods and Models for Integrated Assessment Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB-9711626) and the Earth Observing System Program of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAG5-10135). We also received support from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Changes.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: 409600 bytes
    Format: 295936 bytes
    Format: application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
    Format: application/msword
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  • 7
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    Impacts of ozone on trees and crops (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Comptes Rendus Geosciences 339 (2007): 784-798, doi:10.1016/j.crte.2007.08.008.
    Description: In this review article, we explore how surface-level ozone affects trees and crops with special emphasis on consequences for productivity and carbon sequestration. Vegetation exposure to ozone reduces photosynthesis, growth, and other plant functions. Ozone formation in the atmosphere is a product of NOx that are also a source of nitrogen deposition. Reduced carbon sequestration of temperate forests resulting from ozone is likely offset by increased carbon sequestration from nitrogen fertilization. However, since fertilized croplands are generally not nitrogen-limited, capping ozone-polluting substances in the U.S., Europe, and China can reduce future crop yield loss substantially.
    Description: This study was funded by the Biocomplexity Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (ATM-0120468), the Methods and Models for Integrated Assessment Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB-9711626) and the Earth Observing System Program of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAG5-10135).
    Keywords: Ozone ; Nitrogen deposition ; Vegetation ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance ; Crop yield ; Carbon storage
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 8
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    Adjustment of forest ecosystem root respiration as temperature warms (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50 (2008): 1467-1483, doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00750.x.
    Description: Adjustment of ecosystem root respiration to warmer climatic conditions can alter the autotrophic portion of soil respiration and influence the amount of carbon available for biomass production. We examined 44 published values of annual forest root respiration and found an increase in ecosystem root respiration with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT), but the rate of this cross-ecosystem increase (Q10 = 1.6) is less than published values for short-term responses of root respiration to temperature within ecosystems (Q10 = 2 to 3). When specific root respiration rates and root biomass values were examined, there was a clear trend for decreasing root metabolic capacity (respiration rate at a standard temperature) with increasing MAT. There also were tradeoffs between root metabolic capacity and root system biomass, such that there were no instances of high growing season respiration rates and high root biomass occurring together. We also examined specific root respiration rates at three soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest, USA, and found decreases in metabolic capacity for roots from the heated plots. This decline could be due to either physiological acclimation or to the effects of co-occurring drier soils on the measurement date. Regardless of the cause, these findings clearly suggest that modeling efforts that allow root respiration to increase exponentially with temperature, with Q10 values of 2 or more, may over-predict root contributions to ecosystem CO2 efflux for future climates and underestimate the amount of C available for other uses, including NPP.
    Keywords: Root respiration ; Acclimation ; Root biomass ; Climatic warming ; Soil warming
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 9
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    Thermal adaptation of soil microbial respiration to elevated temperature (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecology Letters 11 (2008): 1316-1327, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01251.x.
    Description: In the short-term heterotrophic soil respiration is strongly and positively related to temperature. In the long-term its response to temperature is uncertain. One reason for this is because in field experiments increases in respiration due to warming are relatively short-lived. The explanations proposed for this ephemeral response include depletion of fast-cycling, soil carbon pools and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Using a 〉15 year soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude forest, we show that the apparent ‘acclimation’ of soil respiration at the ecosystem scale results from combined effects of reductions in soil carbon pools and microbial biomass, and thermal adaptation of microbial respiration. Mass specific respiration rates were lower when seasonal temperatures were higher, suggesting that rate reductions under experimental warming likely occurred through temperature-induced changes in the microbial community. Our results imply that stimulatory effects of global temperature rise on soil respiration rates may be lower than currently predicted.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
    Keywords: Acclimation ; Adaptation ; Soil respiration ; Thermal biology ; Temperature ; Carbon cycling ; Climate change ; Climate warming ; Microbial community ; CO2
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 33 (2006): L17403, doi:10.1029/2006GL026972.
    Description: Terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes (above 50oN) exchange large amounts of CO2 and CH4 with the atmosphere each year. Here we use a process-based model to estimate the budget of CO2 and CH4 of the region for current climate conditions and for future scenarios by considering effects of permafrost dynamics, CO2 fertilization of photosynthesis and fire. We find that currently the region is a net source of carbon to the atmosphere at 276 Tg C yr-1. We project that throughout the 21st century, the region will most likely continue as a net source of carbon and the source will increase by up to 473 Tg C yr-1 by the end of the century compared to the current emissions. However our coupled carbon and climate model simulations show that these emissions will exert relatively small radiative forcing on global climate system compared to large amounts of anthropogenic emissions.
    Description: This study was supported by a NSF Biocomplexity (ATM-0120468) and ARCSS programs; the NASA Land Cover and Land Use Change and EOS Interdisciplinary Science (NNG04GJ80G) programs; and by funding from MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, which is supported by a consortium of government, industry and foundation sponsors.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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