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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The good(ish), the bad, and the ugly: a tripartite classification of ecosystem trends
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 745-768
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 745-768
    Abstract: Bundy, A., Shannon, L. J., Rochet, M-J., Neira, S., Shin, Y-J., Hill, L., and Aydin, K. 2010. The good(ish), the bad, and the ugly: a tripartite classification of ecosystem trends. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 745–768. Marine ecosystems have been exploited for a long time, growing increasingly vulnerable to collapse and irreversible change. How do we know when an ecosystem may be in danger? A measure of the status of individual stocks is only a partial gauge of its status, and does not include changes at the broader ecosystem level, to non-commercial species or to its structure or functioning. Six ecosystem indicators measuring trends over time were collated for 19 ecosystems, corresponding to four ecological attributes: resource potential, ecosystem structure and functioning, conservation of functional biodiversity, and ecosystem stability and resistance to perturbations. We explored the use of a decision-tree approach, a definition of initial ecosystem state (impacted or non-impacted), and the trends in the ecosystem indicators to classify the ecosystems into improving, stationary, and deteriorating. Ecosystem experts classified all ecosystems as impacted at the time of their initial state. Of these, 15 were diagnosed as “ugly”, because they had deteriorated from an already impacted state. Several also exhibited specific combinations of trends indicating “fishing down the foodweb”, reduction in size structure, reduction in diversity and stability, and changed productivity. The classification provides an initial evaluation for scientists, resource managers, stakeholders, and the general public of the concerning status of ecosystems globally.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp283
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 2
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    Global assessments of the status of marine exploited ecosystems and their management: what more is needed?
    Elsevier BV ; 2012
    In:  Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2012-07), p. 292-299
    Details
    In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Elsevier BV, Vol. 4, No. 3 ( 2012-07), p. 292-299
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1877-3435
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.05.003
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2514810-2
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  • 3
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    Impacts of Fishing Low–Trophic Level Species on Marine Ecosystems
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2011
    In:  Science Vol. 333, No. 6046 ( 2011-08-26), p. 1147-1150
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 333, No. 6046 ( 2011-08-26), p. 1147-1150
    Abstract: Low–trophic level species account for more than 30% of global fisheries production and contribute substantially to global food security. We used a range of ecosystem models to explore the effects of fishing low–trophic level species on marine ecosystems, including marine mammals and seabirds, and on other commercially important species. In five well-studied ecosystems, we found that fishing these species at conventional maximum sustainable yield (MSY) levels can have large impacts on other parts of the ecosystem, particularly when they constitute a high proportion of the biomass in the ecosystem or are highly connected in the food web. Halving exploitation rates would result in much lower impacts on marine ecosystems while still achieving 80% of MSY.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1209395
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 4
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    Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 787-795
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 787-795
    Abstract: Link, J. S., Yemane, D., Shannon, L. J., Coll, M., Shin, Y-J., Hill, L., and Borges, M. F. 2010. Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 787–795. The usefulness of indicators in detecting ecosystem change depends on three main criteria: the availability of data to estimate the indicator (measurability), the ability to detect change in an ecosystem (sensitivity), and the ability to link the said change in an indicator as a response to a known intervention or pressure (specificity). Here, we specifically examine the third aspect of indicator change, with an emphasis on multiple methods to explore the “relativity” of major ecosystem drivers. We use a suite of multivariate methods to explore the relationships between a pre-established set of fisheries-orientated ecosystem status indicators and the key drivers for those ecosystems (particularly emphasizing proxy indicators for fishing and the environment). The results show the relative importance among fishing and environmental factors, which differed notably across the major types of ecosystems. Yet, they also demonstrated common patterns in which most ecosystems, and indicators of ecosystem dynamics are largely driven by fisheries (landings) or human (human development index) factors, and secondarily by environmental drivers (e.g. AMO, PDO, SST). How one might utilize this empirical evidence in future efforts for ecosystem approaches to fisheries is discussed, highlighting the need to manage fisheries in the context of environmental and other human (e.g. economic) drivers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp258
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 5
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    Using indicators for evaluating, comparing, and communicating the ecological status of exploited marine ecosystems. 2. Setting the scene
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 692-716
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 692-716
    Abstract: Shin, Y-J., Shannon, L. J., Bundy, A., Coll, M., Aydin, K., Bez, N., Blanchard, J. L., Borges, M. F., Diallo, I., Diaz, E., Heymans, J. J., Hill, L., Johannesen, E., Jouffre, D., Kifani, S., Labrosse, P., Link, J. S., Mackinson, S., Masski, H., Möllmann, C., Neira, S., Ojaveer, H., ould Mohammed Abdallahi, K., Perry, I., Thiao, D., Yemane, D., and Cury, P. M. 2010. Using indicators for evaluating, comparing, and communicating the ecological status of exploited marine ecosystems. 2. Setting the scene. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 692–716. Background is provided to the selection of ecological indicators by the IndiSeas Working Group, and the methodology adopted for analysis and comparison of indicators across exploited marine ecosystems is documented. The selected indicators are presented, how they are calculated is explained, and the philosophy behind the comparative approach is given. The combination of selected indicators is intended to reflect different dynamics, tracking processes that display differential responses to fishing, and is meant to provide a complementary means of assessing marine ecosystem trends and states. IndiSeas relied on inputs and insights provided by the local experts from participating ecosystems, helping to understand state and trend indicators and to disentangle the effect of other potential ecosystem drivers, such as climate variability. This project showed that the use of simple and available indicators under an ecosystem approach can achieve a real, wide-reaching evaluation of marine ecosystem status caused by fishing. This is important because the socio-economics of areas where fishing activities develop differs significantly around the globe, and in many countries, insufficient data are available for complex and exhaustive analyses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp294
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 6
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    Can simple be useful and reliable? Using ecological indicators to represent and compare the states of marine ecosystems
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 717-731
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 717-731
    Abstract: Shin, Y-J., Bundy, A., Shannon, L. J., Simier, M., Coll, M., Fulton, E. A., Link, J. S., Jouffre, D., Ojaveer, H., Mackinson, S., Heymans, J. J., and Raid, T. 2010. Can simple be useful and reliable? Using ecological indicators to represent and compare the states of marine ecosystems. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 717–731. Within the IndiSeas WG, the evaluation of exploited marine ecosystems has several steps, from simple binary categorization of ecosystems to a more-complex attempt to rank them and to evaluate their status using decision-tree analyses. With the intention of communicating scientific knowledge to the public and stakeholders, focus is on evaluating and comparing the status of exploited marine ecosystems using a set of six ecological indicators and a simple and transparent graphic representation of ecosystem state (pie charts). A question that arose was whether it was acceptable to compare different types of marine ecosystems using a generic set of indicators. To this end, an attempt is made to provide reference levels to which ecosystems can be objectively compared. Unacceptable thresholds for each indicator are determined based on ecological expertise derived from a questionnaire distributed to a group of scientific experts. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed no significant difference in the thresholds provided for different ecosystem types, suggesting that it was reasonable to compare states directly across different types of ecosystem using the set of indicators selected.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp287
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 7
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    End‐To‐End Models for the Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Challenges, Issues, and Next Steps
    Wiley ; 2010
    In:  Marine and Coastal Fisheries Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 115-130
    Details
    In: Marine and Coastal Fisheries, Wiley, Vol. 2, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 115-130
    Abstract: There is growing interest in models of marine ecosystems that deal with the effects of climate change through the higher trophic levels. Such end‐to‐end models combine physicochemical oceanographic descriptors and organisms ranging from microbes to higher‐trophic‐level (HTL) organisms, including humans, in a single modeling framework. The demand for such approaches arises from the need for quantitative tools for ecosystem‐based management, particularly models that can deal with bottom‐up and top‐down controls that operate simultaneously and vary in time and space and that are capable of handling the multiple impacts expected under climate change. End‐to‐end models are now feasible because of improvements in the component submodels and the availability of sufficient computing power. We discuss nine issues related to the development of end‐to‐end models. These issues relate to formulation of the zooplankton submodel, melding of multiple temporal and spatial scales, acclimation and adaptation, behavioral movement, software and technology, model coupling, skill assessment, and interdisciplinary challenges. We urge restraint in using end‐to‐end models in a true forecasting mode until we know more about their performance. End‐to‐end models will challenge the available data and our ability to analyze and interpret complicated models that generate complex behavior. End‐to‐end modeling is in its early developmental stages and thus presents an opportunity to establish an open‐access, community‐based approach supported by a suite of true interdisciplinary efforts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1942-5120 , 1942-5120
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1577/C09-059.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2483227-3
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  • 8
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    Application of an evolutionary algorithm to the inverse parameter estimation of an individual-based model
    Elsevier BV ; 2010
    In:  Ecological Modelling Vol. 221, No. 5 ( 2010-3), p. 840-849
    Details
    In: Ecological Modelling, Elsevier BV, Vol. 221, No. 5 ( 2010-3), p. 840-849
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0304-3800
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.11.023
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 191971-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2000879-X
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Comparing data-based indicators across upwelling and comparable systems for communicating ecosystem states and trends
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 807-832
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 807-832
    Abstract: Shannon, L. J., Coll, M., Yemane, D., Jouffre, D., Neira, S., Bertrand, A., Diaz, E., and Shin, Y-J. 2010. Comparing data-based indicators across upwelling and comparable systems for communicating ecosystem states and trends. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 807–832. A suite of ecological indicators was selected for communicating, in a comparable way, how fishing affects the state of several upwelling ecosystems and others in which small pelagic fish play key ecological roles. Detailed background and understanding of system-specific processes and changes is needed for proper interpretation of results. In particular, environmental forcing is important in driving dynamics in upwelling systems; fishing impacts cannot be understood without understanding the corresponding dynamics of the environment. The Saharan Coastal (Morocco) and southern Benguela, both having experienced upsurges in low-trophic-level species, differed from other ecosystems when considering indicator trends. The ecosystem off Portugal emerged as showing reduced signs of fishing impacts in recent years, although the change may also be reflecting climate change favouring recruitment and abundance of demersal stocks. The indicator suite confirmed general understanding that the Mediterranean ecosystems have been notably degraded for several decades. Results and conclusions from this descriptive synthesis are compared with other comparisons of more complex, model-derived indicators. Even in upwelling and comparable systems, the simple data-based indicators are useful in synthesizing information on the status of an ecosystem, in particular on the ecosystem effects of fishing, to provide an ecological diagnosis at the ecosystem level, to be used in decision-making. Indicators of recent ecosystem state and trends over time are needed to assess the effects of fishing, but more indicators measuring biodiversity attributes and environmental change would complement the suite, providing fuller assessment of the status of upwelling and comparable ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp270
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 29056-7
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  • 10
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    Trend analysis of indicators: a comparison of recent changes in the status of marine ecosystems around the world
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 732-744
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 67, No. 4 ( 2010-05-01), p. 732-744
    Abstract: Blanchard, J. L., Coll, M., Trenkel, V. M., Vergnon, R., Yemane, D., Jouffre, D., Link, J. S., and Shin, Y-J. 2010. Trend analysis of indicators: a comparison of recent changes in the status of marine ecosystems around the world. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 732–744. Time-series of ecological and exploitation indicators collected from 19 ecosystems were analysed to investigate whether there have been temporal trends in the status of fish communities. Using linear and non-linear statistical methods, trends are reported for six indicators (mean length of fish in the community, mean lifespan, proportion of predatory fish, total biomass of surveyed species, mean trophic level of landings, and inverse fishing pressure), and the redundancy of these indicators across ecosystems is evaluated. The expected direction of change for an ecosystem that is increasingly impacted by fishing is a decline in all indicators. A mixture of negative and positive directions of change is recorded, both within and among all ecosystems considered. No consistent patterns in the redundancy of the ecological indicators across ecosystems emerged from the analyses, confirming that each indicator provided complementary information on ecosystem status. The different trends in indicators may reflect differing historical exploitation patterns, management, and environmental regimes in these systems. Commitment to monitoring programmes and development of system-specific baseline, target, and threshold reference levels are required. Improved understanding of the responsiveness and performance of ecological indicators to management actions are needed to address adequately whether ecosystems are recovering from, or being further impacted by, fishing, and whether management targets are being met. The relative effects of multiple environmental and ecological processes as well as multiple human-induced stressors that characterize exploited ecosystems also need to be quantified.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1095-9289 , 1054-3139
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp282
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 29056-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21,3
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