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  • Articles  (50)
  • 2010-2014  (50)
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  • Articles  (50)
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  • 1
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    Electronic structure of RuSr_{2}EuCu_{2}O_{8} studied by x-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopies (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-18
    Description: Author(s): S. W. Han, D. C. Ling, H. M. Tsai, C. H. Chuang, S. L. Wu, W. F. Pong, J. W. Chiou, M.-H. Tsai, L. Y. Jang, H. J. Lin, T. W. Pi, and J. F. Lee Local electronic structures of ruthenocuprate RuSr 2 EuCu 2 O 8 (RuEu-1212) were investigated by using x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and valence-band photoemission (VB-PES) measurements at room temperature, 80 K, and 25 K. The XANES results indicate that when RuEu-1212 is below Curie tempe... [Phys. Rev. B 85, 014506] Published Tue Jan 17, 2012
    Keywords: Superfluidity and superconductivity
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 2
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    Major element variation of the Skaergaard pyroxene and its petrologic implications (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-23
    Description: Pyroxenes from the Layered Series (LS), Upper Border Series (UBS), and Marginal Border Series (MBS) of the Skaergaard intrusion were analyzed using electron microprobe and mineral separation techniques to examine geochemical variations. In general, pyroxenes from all three series show similar trends in major elements vs % crystallization: SiO 2 , MgO , Al 2 O 3 , and TiO 2 progressively decrease, FeO and MnO progressively increase, and CaO , Fe 2 O 3 , and P 2 O 5 do not change systematically with differentiation. Pyroxenes in the LS and MBS follow a trend similar to that reported by Wager and Brown. The estimated crystallization temperatures closely follow the general trends of published temperature estimates. Major element variation in Skaergaard pyroxenes shows smooth variations with increasing differentiation, indicating that there was no volumetrically significant injection of new magma into the chamber after the initial emplacement. These results strongly support the idea that the Skaergaard intrusion represents in situ crystallization under a closed system magma chamber.
    Print ISSN: 1038-4871
    Electronic ISSN: 1440-1738
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 3
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    Macrophage Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Stimulates Proinflammatory Responses with Oxidative Stress [Articles] (2013)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-23
    Description: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a key enzyme that regulates cellular redox potential. In this study, we demonstrate that macrophage G6PD plays an important role in the modulation of proinflammatory responses and oxidative stress. The G6PD levels in macrophages in the adipose tissue of obese animals were elevated, and G6PD mRNA levels positively correlated with those of proinflammatory genes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and free fatty acids, which initiate proinflammatory signals, stimulated macrophage G6PD. Overexpression of macrophage G6PD potentiated the expression of proinflammatory and pro-oxidative genes responsible for the aggravation of insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. In contrast, when macrophage G6PD was inhibited or suppressed via chemical inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively, basal and LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression was attenuated. Furthermore, macrophage G6PD increased activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-B pathways, which may lead to a vicious cycle of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cascade. Together, these data suggest that an abnormal increase of G6PD in macrophages promotes oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the adipose tissue of obese animals.
    Print ISSN: 0270-7306
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-5549
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
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  • 4
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    Toll-like receptor 2 mediates high-fat diet-induced impairment of vasodilator actions of insulin (2013)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-16
    Description: Obesity is characterized by a chronic proinflammatory state that leads to endothelial dysfunction. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) stimulate Toll-like receptors (TLR) that promote metabolic insulin resistance. However, it is not known whether TLR2 mediates impairment of vascular actions of insulin in response to high-fat diet (HFD) to cause endothelial dysfunction. siRNA knockdown of TLR2 in primary endothelial cells opposed palmitate-stimulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and splicing of X box protein 1 (XBP-1). Inhibition of unfolding protein response (UPR) reduced SFA-stimulated expression of TNFα. Thus, SFA stimulates UPR and proinflammatory response through activation of TLR2 in endothelial cells. Knockdown of TLR2 also opposed impairment of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of eNOS and subsequent production of NO. Importantly, insulin-stimulated vasorelaxation of mesenteric arteries from TLR2 knockout mice was preserved even on HFD (in contrast with results from arteries examined in wild-type mice on HFD). We conclude that TLR2 in vascular endothelium mediates HFD-stimulated proinflammatory responses and UPR that accompany impairment of vasodilator actions of insulin, leading to endothelial dysfunction. These results are relevant to understanding the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes and obesity.
    Print ISSN: 0193-1849
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1555
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 5
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    Gender-specific role of HDAC11 in kidney ischemia- and reperfusion-induced PAI-1 expression and injury (2013)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-02
    Description: Male gender and the male hormone testosterone increase susceptibility to kidney ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is associated with inflammatory responses. Possible involvement of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in inflammatory responses has been suggested. We investigated the gender-specific role of HDACs in plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) expression and I/R injury. PAI-1 inhibition protected the kidney from I/R-induced inflammation and functional loss. Among HDACs, only HDAC11 negatively regulated PAI-1 expression in I/R-subjected kidney gender specifically and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse monocytes/macrophages. HDAC11 gene silencing increased PAI-1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed binding of HDAC11 to the promoter region of PAI-1 and then release by I/R insult or LPS treatment. I/R-induced HDAC11 release was inhibited by orchiectomy and reversed by dihydrotestosterone treatment. Release of HDAC11 increased acetylation of histone H3. In conclusion, male gender and male hormones accelerate I/R-induced decreases in expression and binding of HDAC11, resulting in an increase in PAI-1 expression. These data provide important insight into gender dimorphism offering HDAC11 as a novel target for I/R injury.
    Print ISSN: 1931-857X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1466
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 6
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    Estrogen-related receptor {gamma} controls hepatic CB1 receptor-mediated CYP2E1 expression and oxidative liver injury by alcohol (2013)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    In: Gut
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Background The hepatic endocannabinoid system and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), a key enzyme causing alcohol-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, are major contributors to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. The nuclear hormone receptor oestrogen-related receptor (ERR) is a constitutively active transcriptional activator regulating gene expression. Objective To investigate the role of ERR in the alcohol-mediated regulation of CYP2E1 and to examine the possibility to control alcohol-mediated oxidative stress and liver injury through an ERR inverse agonist. Design For chronic alcoholic hepatosteatosis study, C57BL/6J wild-type and CB1 –/– mice were administered alcohol for 4 weeks. GSK5182 and chlormethiazole (CMZ) were given by oral gavage for the last 2 weeks of alcohol feeding. Gene expression profiles and biochemical assays were performed using the liver or blood of mice. Results Hepatic ERR gene expression induced by alcohol-mediated activation of CB 1 receptor results in induction of CYP2E1, while liver-specific ablation of ERR gene expression blocks alcohol-induced expression of CYP2E1 in mouse liver. An ERR inverse agonist significantly ameliorates chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in mice through inhibition of CYP2E1-mediated generation of ROS, while inhibition of CYP2E1 by CMZ abrogates the beneficial effects of the inverse agonist. Finally, chronic alcohol-mediated ERR and CYP2E1 gene expression, ROS generation and liver injury in normal mice were nearly abolished in CB1 –/– mice. Conclusions ERR, as a previously unrecognised transcriptional regulator of hepatic CB 1 receptor, controls alcohol-induced oxidative stress and liver injury through CYP2E1 induction, and its inverse agonist could ameliorate oxidative liver injury due to chronic alcohol exposure.
    Keywords: Alcoholic liver disease
    Print ISSN: 0017-5749
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-3288
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 7
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    Reduction of oxidative stress during recovery accelerates normalization of primary cilia length that is altered after ischemic injury in murine kidneys (2013)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-16
    Description: The primary cilium is a microtubule-based nonmotile organelle that extends from the surface of cells, including renal tubular cells. Here, we investigated the alteration of primary cilium length during epithelial cell injury and repair, following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult, and the role of reactive oxygen species in this alteration. Thirty minutes of bilateral renal ischemia induced severe renal tubular cell damage and an increase of plasma creatinine (PCr) concentration. Between 8 and 16 days following the ischemia, the increased PCr returned to normal range, although without complete histological restoration. Compared with the primary cilium length in normal kidney tubule cells, the length was shortened 4 h and 1 day following ischemia, increased over normal 8 days after ischemia, and then returned to near normal 16 days following ischemia. In the urine of I/R-subjected mice, acetylated tubulin was detected. The cilium length of proliferating cells was shorter than that in nonproliferating cells. Mature cells had shorter cilia than differentiating cells. Treatment with Mn(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MnTMPyP), an antioxidant, during the recovery of damaged kidneys accelerated normalization of cilia length concomitant with a decrease of oxidative stress and morphological recovery in the kidney. In the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, H 2 O 2 treatment caused released ciliary fragment into medium, and MnTMPyP inhibited the deciliation. The ERK inhibitor U0126 inhibited elongation of cilia in normal and MDCK cells recovering from H 2 O 2 stress. Taken together, our results suggest that primary cilia length reflects cell proliferation and the length of primary cilium is regulated, at least, in part, by reactive oxygen species through ERK.
    Print ISSN: 1931-857X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1466
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 8
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    EGCG Facilitates Lipophagy [Cell Biology] (2013)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-03
    Description: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea that has beneficial effects in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Autophagy is a cellular process that protects cells from stressful conditions. To determine whether the beneficial effect of EGCG is mediated by a mechanism involving autophagy, the roles of the EGCG-stimulated autophagy in the context of ectopic lipid accumulation were investigated. Treatment with EGCG increased formation of LC3-II and autophagosomes in primary bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β was required for EGCG-induced LC3-II formation, as evidenced by the fact that EGCG-induced LC3-II formation was significantly impaired by knockdown of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β. This effect is most likely due to cytosolic Ca2+ load. To determine whether EGCG affects palmitate-induced lipid accumulation, the effects of EGCG on autophagic flux and co-localization of lipid droplets and autophagolysosomes were examined. EGCG normalized the palmitate-induced impairment of autophagic flux. Accumulation of lipid droplets by palmitate was markedly reduced by EGCG. Blocking autophagosomal degradation opposed the effect of EGCG in ectopic lipid accumulation, suggesting the action of EGCG is through autophagosomal degradation. The mechanism for this could be due to the increased co-localization of lipid droplets and autophagolysosomes. Co-localization of lipid droplets with LC3 and lysosome was dramatically increased when the cells were treated with EGCG and palmitate compared with the cells treated with palmitate alone. Collectively, these findings suggest that EGCG regulates ectopic lipid accumulation through a facilitated autophagic flux and further imply that EGCG may be a potential therapeutic reagent to prevent cardiovascular complications.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 9
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    AP endonucleases process 5-methylcytosine excision intermediates during active DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-10
    Description: DNA methylation is a primary epigenetic modification regulating gene expression and chromatin structure in many eukaryotes. Plants have a unique DNA demethylation system in that 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is directly removed by DNA demethylases, such as DME/ROS1 family proteins, but little is known about the downstream events. During 5mC excision, DME produces 3'-phosphor-α, β-unsaturated aldehyde and 3'-phosphate by successive β- and -eliminations, respectively. The kinetic studies revealed that these 3'-blocking lesions persist for a significant amount of time and at least two different enzyme activities are required to immediately process them. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis AP endonucleases APE1L, APE2 and ARP have distinct functions to process such harmful lesions to allow nucleotide extension. DME expression is toxic to E. coli due to excessive 5mC excision, but expression of APE1L or ARP significantly reduces DME-induced cytotoxicity. Finally, we propose a model of base excision repair and DNA demethylation pathway unique to plants.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Transcription Start Site Evolution in Drosophila (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-12
    Description: Transcription start site (TSS) evolution remains largely undescribed in Drosophila , likely due to limited annotations in non- melanogaster species. In this study, we introduce a concise new method that selectively sequences from the 5'-end of mRNA and used it to identify TSS in four Drosophila species, including Drosophila melanogaster , D. simulans , D. sechellia , and D. pseudoobscura . For verification, we compared our results in D. melanogaster with known annotations, published 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends data, and with RNAseq from the same mRNA pool. Then, we paired 2,849 D. melanogaster TSS with its closest equivalent TSS in each species (likely to be its true ortholog) using the available multiple sequence alignments. Most of the D. melanogaster TSSs were successfully paired with an ortholog in each species (83%, 86%, and 55% for D. simulans , D. sechellia , and D. pseudoobscura , respectively). On the basis of the number and distribution of reads mapped at each TSS, we also estimated promoter-specific expression (PSE) and TSS peak shape, respectively. Among paired TSS orthologs, the location and promoter activity were largely conserved. TSS location appears important as PSE, and TSS peak shape was more frequently divergent among TSS that had moved. Unpaired TSS were surprisingly common in D. pseudoobscura . An increased mutation rate upstream of TSS might explain this pattern. We found an enrichment of ribosomal protein genes among diverged TSS, suggesting that TSS evolution is not uniform across the genome.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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