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  • PANGAEA  (156)
  • MDPI Publishing  (2)
  • 2010-2014  (158)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: Natural disasters like floods are a worldwide phenomenon and a serious threat to mankind. Flood simulations are applications of disaster control, which are used for the development of appropriate flood protection. Adequate simulations require not only the geometry but also the roughness of the Earth’s surface, as well as the roughness of the objects hereon. Usually, the floodplain roughness is based on land use/land cover maps derived from orthophotos. This study analyses the applicability of roughness map derivation approaches for flood simulations based on different datasets: orthophotos, LiDAR data, official land use data, OpenStreetMap data and CORINE Land Cover data. Object-based image analysis is applied to orthophotos and LiDAR raster data in order to generate land cover maps, which enable a roughness parameterization. The vertical vegetation structure within the LiDAR point cloud is used to derive an additional floodplain roughness map. Further roughness maps are derived from official land use data, OpenStreetMap and CORINE Land Cover datasets. Six different flood simulations are applied based on one elevation data but with the different roughness maps. The results of the hydrodynamic–numerical models include information on flow velocity and water depth from which the additional attribute flood intensity is calculated of. The results based on roughness maps derived from LiDAR data and OpenStreetMap data are comparable, whereas the results of the other datasets differ significantly.
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-08-07
    Description: The possible connectivity between the spatial distribution of water bodies suitable for vectors of malaria and endemic malaria foci in Southern Europe is still not well known. Spain was one of the last countries in Western Europe to be declared free of malaria by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1964. This study combines, by means of a spatial-temporal analysis, the historical data of patients and deceased with the distribution of water bodies where the disease-transmitting mosquitos proliferate. Therefore, data from historical archives with a Geographic Information System (GIS), using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method, was analyzed with the aim of identifying regional differences in the distribution of malaria in Spain. The reasons, why the risk of transmission is concentrated in specific regions, are related to worse socioeconomic conditions (Extremadura), the presence of another vector (Anopheles labranchiae) besides A. atroparvus (Levante) or large areas of water bodies in conditions to reproduce theses vectors (La Mancha and Western Andalusia). In the particular case of Western Andalusia, in 1913, the relatively high percentage of 4.73% of the surface, equal to 202362 ha, corresponds to wetlands and other unhealthy water bodies. These wetlands have been reduced as a result of desiccation policies and climate change such as the Little Ice Age and Global Climate Change. The comprehension of the main factors of these wetland changes in the past can help us interpret accurately the future risk of malaria re-emergence in temperate latitudes, since it reveals the crucial role of unhealthy water bodies on the distribution, endemicity and eradication of malaria in southern Europe.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: The Vernagtferner region has a long tradition of glaciological research performed by groups from Munich. It started in 1889, when Prof. Sebastian Finsterwalder from the Technical University in Munich produced the first map of a complete glacier based on terrestrial photogrammetry. Since then, numerous maps of the glacier have been made, describing the change in surface elevation for more than a century. These maps form the basis of the geodetic method of glacier mass balance determination, which provides volume changes as average data for the period between two surveys, i.e. typically for 10 years. Since the start of the glaciological method on Vernagtferner in 1964, annual as well as winter and summer mass balance data are available continuously. But only since 1973, the construction of the Vernagtbach station, approximately 1 km below the glacier margin at that time, provided the means to record a larger number of hydrological and meteorological parameters with a temporal resolution of typically 1 hour.
    Keywords: Glaciers Austria; Pegelstation_Vernagtbach; Pegelstation_Vernagtbach_meteorology; UGS; Unmanned gauge station; Unmanned weather station/meteorological observation; UWST; Vernagtferner, Ötztaler Alpen, Austria
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 87 datasets
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: In November 2001, two separate Campbell loggers ("Meteologger" and "Hydrologger", both type CR23X) were installed at the Vernagtbach site in the Oetztal Alps, Austria (Latitude: 46.85; Longitude: 10.82; Elevation: 2640 m). On these loggers, 10-minutes centred averages for the meteorological data and 5-minutes centred averages for the hydrological data are recorded. The meteorological parameters comprise air temperature, humidity of the air, air pressure, four radiation components, wind direction and speed, precipitation and snow height. For air temperature, two records are published, recorded with a ventilated and an unventilated Pt-100 in a Stevenson screen; for precipitation, three time series are available: (I) the cumulative record of a weighing gauge for the whole year, (II) single events derived from (I), and (III) single events from a tipping bucket; (II) and (III) are only provided for the period 1, May to 31, October of each year. Wind records are also given with a time step of one hour, as only these records include several statistics of speed and direction. Hydrological parameters are recorded on the "Hydrologger", they comprise water stage, discharge, water temperature and electrolytic conductivity of the water. An identifying number gives the kind of instrument used in the water stage time series. Daily photographs of the glacier are provided and analysed with respect to precipitation type.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 46 datasets
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: The first meteorological station in the Vernagtferner basin, called 'Gletschermitte' was run from 1968 to 1987. It was positioned on a small rock in the western part of the glacier at an elevation of 3078 m a.s.l. The coordinates were 46.868939° N (Latitude) and 10.802986° E (Longitude). The following parameters were recorded mainly during the summer months: Wind speed and wind direction, air temperature and humidity of the air and precipitation. The records of the first four parameters comprise hourly values from 1968 to 1986 /1987, daily sums of precipitation run from 1977 to 1987. All quantities were recorded on paper chart, i.e. 'Woelfle-Windschreiber' for the wind components, mechanically driven thermo-hygrographs (1968 to 1975) and 'BTW-Langzeit-Thermo-Hygrograph' (1977 to 1987) for temperature and humidity, Belfort analogue weighing gauge for precipitation. In 1976, air temperature was recorded on a Schenk paper chart recorder. In addition, photographs of the eastern part of Vernagtferner were taken once a day in summer between 1981 and 1986.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 20 datasets
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: Anemometer, Wölfle; DATE/TIME; HEIGHT above ground; Temperature, air; Thermograph, Wilhelm Lambrecht; Unmanned weather station/meteorological observation; UWST; Vernagtferner_Gletschermitte; Vernagtferner, Ötztaler Alpen, Austria; Wind direction; Wind speed
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3997 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: Anemometer, Wölfle; DATE/TIME; HEIGHT above ground; Temperature, air; Thermograph, Wilhelm Lambrecht; Unmanned weather station/meteorological observation; UWST; Vernagtferner_Gletschermitte; Vernagtferner, Ötztaler Alpen, Austria; Wind direction; Wind speed
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 6281 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: Anemometer, Wölfle; DATE/TIME; HEIGHT above ground; Temperature, air; Thermograph, Wilhelm Lambrecht; Unmanned weather station/meteorological observation; UWST; Vernagtferner_Gletschermitte; Vernagtferner, Ötztaler Alpen, Austria; Wind direction; Wind speed
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 10501 data points
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: Anemometer, Wölfle; DATE/TIME; HEIGHT above ground; Temperature, air; Thermograph, Wilhelm Lambrecht; Unmanned weather station/meteorological observation; UWST; Vernagtferner_Gletschermitte; Vernagtferner, Ötztaler Alpen, Austria; Wind direction; Wind speed
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 5954 data points
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Keywords: Anemometer, Wölfle; DATE/TIME; HEIGHT above ground; Temperature, air; Thermograph, Wilhelm Lambrecht; Unmanned weather station/meteorological observation; UWST; Vernagtferner_Gletschermitte; Vernagtferner, Ötztaler Alpen, Austria; Wind direction; Wind speed
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4665 data points
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