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  • 1
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    Correction to “Intraseasonal variability near 10°N in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean” (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C03011, doi:10.1029/2007JC004135.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Estimation of ocean subsurface thermal structure from surface parameters : a neural network approach (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004): L20308, doi:10.1029/2004GL021192.
    Description: Satellite remote sensing provides diverse and useful ocean surface observations. It is of interest to determine if such surface observations can be used to infer information about the vertical structure of the ocean's interior, like that of temperature profiles. Earlier studies used either sea surface temperature or dynamic height/sea surface height to infer the subsurface temperature profiles. In this study we have used neural network approach to estimate the temperature structure from sea surface temperature, sea surface height, wind stress, net radiation, and net heat flux, available from an Arabian Sea mooring from October 1994 to October 1995, deployed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. On the average, 50% of the estimations are within an error of ±0.5°C and 90% within ±1.0°C. The average RMS error between the estimated temperature profiles and in situ observations is 0.584°C with a depth-wise average correlation coefficient of 0.92.
    Description: This work is carried out as a part of the Department of Ocean Development project.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Observations of internal bores and waves of elevation on the New England inner continental shelf during summer 2001 (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): C03020, doi:10.1029/2004JC002377.
    Description: During July–August 2001, oceanographic variability on the New England inner continental shelf was investigated with an emphasis on temporal scales shorter than tidal periods. Mooring and ship survey data showed that subtidal variation of inner shelf stratification was in response to regional Ekman upwelling and downwelling wind driven dynamics. High-frequency variability in the vertical structure of the water column at an offshore mooring site was linked to the baroclinic internal tide and the onshore propagation of nonlinear solitary waves of depression. Temperature, salinity, and velocity data measured at an inshore mooring detected a bottom bore that formed on the flood phase of the tide. During the ebb tide, a second bottom discontinuity and series of nonlinear internal waves of elevation (IWOE) formed when the water column became for a time under hydraulic control. A surface manifestation of these internal wave crests was also observed in aircraft remote sensing imagery. The coupling of IWOE formation to the offshore solitary waves packets was investigated through internal wave breaking criterion derived in earlier laboratory studies. Results suggested that the offshore solitons shoaled on the sloping shelf, and transformed from waves of depression to waves of elevation. The coupling of inshore bore formation to the offshore solitary waves and the possible impact of these periodic features on mixing on the inner shelf region are discussed.
    Description: This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research under grant N00014-99-1-0029 and Secretary of the Navy/CNO Chair grant N00014-99-1-0090 to R. A. W.
    Keywords: Internal waves ; Internal waves of elevation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Study of the mixed layer depth variations within the north Indian Ocean using a 1-D model (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C08016, doi:10.1029/2003JC002024.
    Description: Mixed layer depth (MLD) over the north Indian Ocean (30°S to 30°N and 40°E to 110°E) is computed using the simple one-dimensional model of Price et al. [1986] forced by satellite-derived parameters (winds and chlorophyll). Seasonal chlorophyll observations obtained from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner allow us to examine how biology interacts with physics in the upper ocean by changing the absorption of light and thus the heating by penetrative solar radiation, an effect we refer to as biological heating. Our analysis focus mainly on two aspects: the importance of varying biology in the model simulations relative to runs with constant biology and secondly, the contribution of biology to the seasonal variability of the MLD. The model results are compared with observations from a surface mooring deployed for 1 year (October 1994 to October 1995) in the central Arabian Sea and also with available conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) observations from the Arabian Sea during the period 1994–1995. The effect of biological heating on the upper ocean thermal structure in central Arabian Sea is found to be greatest in August. In other months it is either the wind, which is the controlling factor in mixed layer variations, or the density variations due to winter cooling and internal dynamics. A large number of CTD observations collected under the Joint Global Ocean Flux study and World Ocean Circulation Experiment have been used to validate model results. We find an overall improvement by approximately 2–3 m in root-mean-square error in MLD estimates when seasonally varying chlorophyll observations are used in the model.
    Description: U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research (grant N00014-94-1-0161)
    Keywords: Biological heating ; ERS scatterometer wind ; Extinction depth ; 1-D mixed layer model ; Mixed layer depth variations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Moored surface buoy observations of the diurnal warm layer (2013)
    John Wiley & Sons
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118 (2013): 4553–4569, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20360.
    Description: An extensive data set is used to examine the dynamics of diurnal warming in the upper ocean. The data set comprises more than 4700 days of measurements at five sites in the tropics and subtropics, obtained from surface moorings equipped to make comprehensive meteorological, incoming solar and infrared radiation, and high-resolution subsurface temperature (and, in some cases, velocity) measurements. The observations, which include surface warmings of up to 3.4°C, are compared with a selection of existing models of the diurnal warm layer (DWL). A simple one-layer physical model is shown to give a reasonable estimate of both the magnitude of diurnal surface warming (model-observation correlation 0.88) and the structure and temporal evolution of the DWL. Novel observations of velocity shear obtained during 346 days at one site, incorporating high-resolution (1 m) upper ocean (5–15 m) acoustic Doppler current profile measurements, are also shown to be in reasonable agreement with estimates from the physical model (daily maximum shear model-observation correlation 0.77). Physics-based improvements to the one-layer model (incorporation of rotation and freshwater terms) are discussed, though they do not provide significant improvements against the observations reported here. The simplicity and limitations of the physical model are used to discuss DWL dynamics. The physical model is shown to give better model performance under the range of forcing conditions experienced across the five sites than the more empirical models.
    Description: J.P. was supported for part of this work by a graduate exchange studentship from the Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. J.T.F. was supported by NSF OCE Award 0745508, the Charles D. Hollister Fund for Assistant Scientist Support, and the John E. and Anne W. Sawyer Endowed Fund in Special Support of Scientific Staff. R.A.W. was supported by the Office of Naval Research for the deployment of the Arabian Sea surface mooring, and by the NOAA Climate Program and Climate Observation Division for the deployment of the PACS and Stratus surface moorings. J.T.F. was supported under a cooperative program between WHOI and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST; Awards USA00001, USA00002, and KSA00011) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the deployment of the KAUST surface moorings.
    Description: 2014-03-13
    Keywords: Diurnal warm layer ; Upper ocean dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Structure and surface properties of eddies in the southeast Pacific Ocean (2013)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118 (2013): 2295–2309, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20175.
    Description: A number of studies have posited that coastally generated eddies could cool the southeast Pacific Ocean (SEP) by advecting cool, upwelled waters offshore. We examine this mechanism by characterizing the upper-ocean properties of mesoscale eddies in the SEP with a variety of observations and by estimating the surface-layer eddy heat flux divergence with satellite data. Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies observed during two cruises featured deep positive salinity anomalies along the 26.5 kg m−3isopycnal, indicating that the eddies had likely trapped and transported coastal waters offshore. The cyclonic eddies observed during the cruises were characterized by shoaling isopycnals in the upper 200 m and cool near-surface temperature anomalies, whereas the upper-ocean structure of anticyclonic eddies was more variable. Using a variety of large-scale observations, including Argo float profiles, drifter records, and satellite sea surface temperature fields, we show that, relative to mean conditions, cyclonic eddies are associated with cooler surface temperatures and that anticyclonic eddies are associated with warmer surface temperatures. Within each data set, the mean eddy surface temperature anomalies are small and of approximately equal magnitude but opposite sign. Eddy statistics drawn from satellite altimetry data reveal that cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies occur with similar frequency and have similar average radii in the SEP. A satellite-based estimate of the surface-layer eddy heat flux divergence, while large in coastal regions, is small when averaged over the SEP, suggesting that eddies do not substantially contribute to cooling the surface layer of the SEP.
    Description: This work was supported by NOAA’s Climate Program Office and by NSF Grant OCE-0745508. Microwave OI SST data are produced by Remote Sensing Systems and sponsored by National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), the NASA Earth Science Physical Oceanography Program, and the NASA MEaSUREs DISCOVER Project.
    Keywords: Southeast Pacific ; Eddies ; Upper-ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Eddies and an extreme water mass anomaly observed in the eastern south Pacific at the Stratus mooring (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Ocean 119 (2014): 1068–1083, doi:10.1002/2013JC009470.
    Description: In the tropical eastern South Pacific the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS) (∼20°S, 85.5°W) is located in the transition zone between the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and the well-oxygenated subtropical gyre. In February/March 2012, extremely anomalous water mass properties were observed in the thermocline at the Stratus ORS. The available eddy oxygen anomaly was −10.5 × 1016 µmol. This anomalous water was contained in an anticyclonic mode-water eddy crossing the mooring site. This eddy was absorbed at that time by an anticyclonic feature located south of the Stratus mooring. This was the largest water property anomaly observed at the mooring during the 13.5 month deployment period. The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) of the strong mode-water eddy in February/March 2012 was weak, and while the lowest and highest SSHA were related to weak eddies, SSHA is found not to be sufficient to specify the eddy strength for subsurface-intensified eddies. Still, the anticyclonic eddy, and its related water mass characteristics, could be tracked backward in time in SSHA satellite data to a formation region in April 2011 off the Chilean coast. The resulting mean westward propagation velocity was 5.5 cm s−1. This extremely long-lived eddy carried the water characteristics from the near-coastal Chilean water to the open ocean. The water mass stayed isolated during the 11 month travel time due to high rotational speed of about 20 cm s−1 leading to almost zero oxygen in the subsurface layer of the anticyclonic mode-water eddy with indications of high primary production just below the mixed layer.
    Description: Financial support was received through Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (R.A.W. and S.B.) and the GEOMAR (L.S. and R.C). The Stratus Ocean Reference Station is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program (NA09OAR4320129). This work is a contribution of the DFG-supported project SFB754 (http://www.sfb754.de) which is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
    Description: 2014-08-12
    Keywords: Anticyclonic eddy ; Deoxygenation ; Stratus mooring ; Oxygen anomaly
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Wind, waves, and acoustic background levels at Station ALOHA (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 117 (2012): C03017, doi:10.1029/2011JC007267.
    Description: Frequency spectra from deep-ocean near-bottom acoustic measurements obtained contemporaneously with wind, wave, and seismic data are described and used to determine the correlations among these data and to discuss possible causal relationships. Microseism energy appears to originate in four distinct regions relative to the hydrophone: wind waves above the sensors contribute microseism energy observed on the ocean floor; a fraction of this local wave energy propagates as seismic waves laterally, and provides a spatially integrated contribution to microseisms observed both in the ocean and on land; waves in storms generate microseism energy in deep water that travels as seismic waves to the sensor; and waves reflected from shorelines provide opposing waves that add to the microseism energy. Correlations of local wind speed with acoustic and seismic spectral time series suggest that the local Longuet-Higgins mechanism is visible in the acoustic spectrum from about 0.4 Hz to 80 Hz. Wind speed and acoustic levels at the hydrophone are poorly correlated below 0.4 Hz, implying that the microseism energy below 0.4 Hz is not typically generated by local winds. Correlation of ocean floor acoustic energy with seismic spectra from Oahu and with wave spectra near Oahu imply that wave reflections from Hawaiian coasts, wave interactions in the deep ocean near Hawaii, and storms far from Hawaii contribute energy to the seismic and acoustic spectra below 0.4 Hz. Wavefield directionality strongly influences the acoustic spectrum at frequencies below about 2 Hz, above which the acoustic levels imply near-isotropic surface wave directionality.
    Description: Funding for the ALOHA Cabled Observatory was provided by the National Science Foundation and the State of Hawaii through the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology at the University of Hawaii-Manoa (F. Duennebier, PI). Donations from AT&T and TYCOM and the cooperation of the U.S. Navy made this project possible. The WHOI-Hawaii Ocean Time series Station (WHOTS) mooring is maintained by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (PIs R. Weller and A. Plueddemann) with funding from the NOAA Climate Program Office/Climate Observation Division. NSF grant OCE- 0926766 supported R. Lukas (co-PI) to augment and collaborate on the maintenance of WHOTS. Lukas was also supported during this analysis by The National Ocean Partnership Program “Advanced Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Modeling for Improving Tropical Cyclone Prediction Models” under contract N00014-10-1-0154 to the University of Rhode Island (I. Ginis, PI).
    Description: 2012-09-10
    Keywords: Air-sea interaction ; Marine acoustics ; Ocean observatories ; Ocean waves ; Wave spectra
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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