Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Dedication & -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Welcome to Bird Watching in the South -- Creating a Habitat -- Profiles of Backyard Birds of the South -- Sharp-shinned Hawk -- Cooper's Hawk -- Rock Pigeon -- Eurasian Collared-Dove -- Mourning Dove -- Common Ground-Dove -- Eastern Screech-Owl -- Chimney Swift -- Ruby-throated Hummingbird -- Red-headed Woodpecker -- Red-bellied Woodpecker -- Downy Woodpecker -- Hairy Woodpecker -- Northern Flicker -- Pileated Woodpecker -- Eastern Phoebe -- Blue Jay -- American Crow -- Purple Martin -- Tree Swallow -- Barn Swallow -- Carolina Chickadee -- Tufted Titmouse -- White-breasted Nuthatch -- Brown-headed Nuthatch -- Carolina Wren -- House Wren -- Eastern Bluebird -- Wood Thrush -- American Robin -- Gray Catbird -- Northern Mockingbird -- Brown Thrasher -- European Starling -- Cedar Waxwing -- Yellow-rumped Warbler -- Summer Tanager -- Eastern Towhee -- Chipping Sparrow -- Field Sparrow -- Song Sparrow -- White-throated Sparrow -- Dark-eyed Junco -- Northern Cardinal -- Indigo Bunting -- Painted Bunting -- Red-winged Blackbird -- Common Grackle -- Brown-headed Cowbird -- Baltimore Oriole -- Purple Finch -- House Finch -- Pine Siskin -- American Goldfinch -- House Sparrow -- Birding Hotspots for the South -- Resources -- Index -- Meet Bill Thompson III -- Copyright Page.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- WELCOME TO BIRD WATCHING IN THE NORTHEAST -- CREATING A HABITAT -- PROFILES OF BACKYARD BIRDS OF THE NORTHEAST -- Hawks -- Sharp-shinned Hawk -- Cooper's Hawk -- Pigeons & -- Doves -- Rock Pigeon -- Mourning Dove -- Owls -- Eastern Screech-Owl -- Swifts & -- Hummingbirds -- Chimney Swift -- Ruby-throated Hummingbird -- Woodpeckers -- Red-bellied Woodpecker -- Downy Woodpecker -- Hairy Woodpecker -- Northern Flicker -- Pileated Woodpecker -- Flycatchers -- Eastern Phoebe -- Crows & -- Jays -- Gray Jay -- Blue Jay -- American Crow -- Swallows -- Purple Martin -- Tree Swallow -- Barn Swallow -- Chickadees & -- Titmice -- Black-capped Chickadee -- Tufted Titmouse -- Nuthatches -- White-breasted Nuthatch -- Red-breasted Nuthatch -- Wrens -- Carolina Wren -- House Wren -- Thrushes -- Eastern Bluebird -- Wood Thrush -- American Robin -- Mimids -- Gray Catbird -- Northern Mockingbird -- Starlings -- European Starling -- Waxwings -- Cedar Waxwing -- Warblers -- Yellow-rumped Warbler -- Tanagers -- Scarlet Tanager -- Sparrows -- Eastern Towhee -- Chipping Sparrow -- American Tree Sparrow -- Field Sparrow -- Song Sparrow -- White-throated Sparrow -- Dark-eyed Junco -- Cardinals & -- Buntings -- Northern Cardinal -- Rose-breasted Grosbeak -- Indigo Bunting -- Orioles & -- Blackbirds -- Red-winged Blackbird -- Common Grackle -- Brown-headed Cowbird -- Baltimore Oriole -- Finches -- Purple Finch -- House Finch -- Common Redpoll -- Pine Siskin -- American Goldfinch -- Evening Grosbeak -- Weaver Finches -- House Sparrow -- BIRDING HOTSPOTS FOR THE NORTHEAST -- BIRDS I'VE SPOTTED -- RESOURCES -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- J -- K -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- W -- Y -- MEET BILL THOMPSON III.

Note: Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Part I Synthesis/Overview -- 1 Knowledge Gained from Video-Monitoring Grassland Passerine Nests -- 2 Conservation Implications When the Nest Predators Are Known -- 3 Gamebirds and Nest Cameras: Present and Future -- Part II Breeding Behavior -- 4 Hatching And Fledging Times From Grassland Passerine Nests -- 5 Attendance Patterns And Survival of Western Meadowlark Nests -- 6 Sprague's Pipit Incubation Behavior -- 7 Patterns of Incubation Behavior In Northern Bobwhites -- 8 The Influence of Weather on Shorebird Incubation -- 9 Nocturnal Activity of Nesting Shrubland and Grassland Passerines -- Part III Behavioral Responses to Predation/Predator Identification -- 10 Bird Productivity and Nest Predation In Agricultural Grasslands -- 11 Predatory Identity can Explain Nest Predation Patterns -- 12 Nest Defense: Grassland Bird Responses To Snakes -- 13 Partial Depredations On Northern Bobwhite Nests -- 14 Identification of Sprague's Pipit Nest Predators -- Part IV Technology -- 15 Development of Camera Technology For Monitoring Nests -- Appendix -- Index -- Complete Series List.

Note: Cover -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of tables -- List of appendices -- List of plates -- List of figures -- Preface -- Authors' preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 The Greenshank -- Chapter 2 The Family -- Chapter 3 Greenshank Country -- Chapter 4 Nest Hunting -- Chapter 5 Individual Greenshanks -- Chapter 6 Groups, Populations and Breeding Density -- Chapter 7 Voice -- Chapter 8 Territory and Dispersion -- Chapter 9 Courtship and Displays -- Chapter 10 Nest -- Chapter 11 Egg, Clutch and Laying Season -- Chapter 12 Brooding and Hatching -- Chapter 13 Young -- Chapter 14 Feeding Habitats, Feeding Behaviour and Food -- Chapter 15 Predators -- Chapter 16 The Breeding Habitat of The Greenshank in Scotland -- Chapter 17 Distribution, Numbers and Movements -- Chapter 18 Progress -- Bibliography -- Tables -- Appendix 1 Description of nesting territories -- Appendix 2 Nest sites and nest linings (D. A. Ratcliffe) -- Appendix 3 Egg-laying notes and observations -- Appendix 4 Analysis of unhatched greenshank egg -- Appendix 5 Food (Glutz 1977) -- Appendix 6 Ringing recoveries (R. Spencer, BTO) -- Appendix 7 Ectoparasites -- Appendix 8 Endoparasites (Parasitic Worms) -- Appendix 9 Hut diary for 21 May 1977 -- Appendix 10 Note on the interpretation of the sound spectrograms -- Appendix 11 World breeding and wintering ranges of greenshank T. nebularia and greater yellowlegs T. melanoleuca -- Colour plates -- Plates.

Note: Front Cover -- Coastal Risk Management in a Changing Climate -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 THESEUS Project -- 1.3 This Book -- References -- Chapter 2 - Developing a Holistic Approach to Assessing and Managing Coastal Flood Risk -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Flood Nomenclature: Vulnerability, Risk, and Resilience -- 2.3 Describing the Coastal Flood System: The Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence Model -- 2.4 Assessment of Existing Flood Management -- 2.5 Flood Damage -- 2.6 The Social Context of Flooding at the Coast -- 2.7 Coastal Habitats Within the Flood System -- 2.8 The Physical Context of Flooding at the Coast -- 2.9 Handling Uncertainty -- 2.10 Capturing Future Changes -- 2.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 - Innovative Engineering Solutions and Best Practices to Mitigate Coastal Risk -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Floating Breakwaters and Wave Energy Converters -- 3.3 Innovative Submerged Structures -- 3.4 Overtopping Resistance of Grass-covered Landward Slopes of Dikes -- 3.5 Upgrade of Conventional Rubble Mound Breakwaters and Revetments -- 3.6 Management of Sediment Resources -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 - Ecological Approaches to Coastal Risk Mitigation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Management of Sandy Habitats: Sandy Beaches to Sand Dunes -- 4.3 Management of Saltmarsh Habitats -- 4.4 Management of Biogenic Reefs -- 4.5 Management of Seagrass Meadows -- 4.6 Ecological Design Considerations for Hard Structures -- 4.7 Interaction of Multiple Stressors in the Coastal Zone -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 - Nonstructural Approaches to Coastal Risk Mitigations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Insurance -- 5.3 Spatial (Land Use) Planning -- 5.4 Business Continuity Planning -- 5.5 Postflood Recovery, Vulnerability, and Resilience. , 5.6 Risk Communications at the Crossroads of Vulnerability Reduction and Resilience Enhancement -- 5.7 Evacuation Plans -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 - Toward Sustainable Decision Making -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Efficiency, Equity, and Sustainability of Mitigation Options -- 6.3 Evaluation of Mitigation Options -- 6.4 Legislative Constraints -- 6.5 Decision Making -- 6.6 Decision Support Systems -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 - Case Studies Worldwide -- 7.0 - Introduction -- 7.1 - Extreme Estuarine Water Levels and Channel Morphology, Effect on Flood Extents and Habitat Resilience: The Scheldt Es ... -- 7.1.1 Description of the Site -- 7.1.2 The Scheldt Estuary Flood System -- 7.1.3 Application of the SPRC Model -- 7.1.4 Flood Sources and Drivers for the Dendermonde Case -- 7.1.5 Flood Mapping and Impacts -- 7.1.6 How Sediment Dynamics May Alter Conclusions on Flood and Erosion Risks -- 7.1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations for Risk Assessment Studies -- Acknowledgments -- 7.2 - Mitigating Flood and Erosion Risk using Sediment Management for a Tourist City: Varna, Bulgaria -- 7.2.1 Description of the Site -- 7.2.2 Risk Assessment -- 7.2.3 Mitigation Measures -- 7.2.4 Planning the Best Combination of Defense Strategies -- 7.2.5 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- 7.3 - Coastal Wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary, China -- 7.3.1 Description of the Site -- 7.3.2 Existing Management -- 7.3.3 Coastal Wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary -- 7.3.4 Present Climate and Environmental Conditions and Future Trends -- 7.3.5 Vulnerability Assessment of the Coastal Wetlands under SLR -- 7.3.6 Mitigation Measures -- 7.3.7 Conclusion -- 7.4 - Managing Risk in a Large Flood System, the Gironde Estuary, France -- 7.4.1 Description of the Site -- 7.4.2 Existing Coastal Policy and Management Strategies. , 7.4.3 Flood System in the Gironde Estuary -- 7.4.4 Flooding in the Estuary -- 7.4.5 Mitigation Measures -- 7.4.6 Strategic Management (in the Short, Mid, and Long Term) -- 7.4.7 Policy Implications and Overall Conclusions and Recommendations -- 7.5 - Flood Hazard Mitigation in a Heavily Modified Estuary, the Elbe Estuary, Germany -- 7.5.1 Description of the Site -- 7.5.2 Physical Characteristics -- 7.5.3 Historical Development of the Estuary -- 7.5.4 The Flood System within the Elbe Estuary -- 7.5.5 Flood Mapping for HafenCity -- 7.5.6 Mitigation Measures -- 7.5.7 Strategic Management -- 7.5.8 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- 7.6 - Risk Assessment and Mitigation in a Low-lying Coastal Area: Cesenatico, Northern Italy -- 7.6.1 Characterization of the Site -- 7.6.2 Risk Modeling -- 7.6.3 Identification of Mitigation Options -- 7.6.4 Preliminary Design of Mitigation Options -- 7.6.5 Selection of the Portfolio of Mitigation Measures -- 7.6.6 Impacts of the Portfolio of Mitigation Options -- 7.6.7 Strategic Management and Policy Implications -- 7.7 - Balancing Flood and Erosion Risk with Landscape Sustainability: Cancun, Mexico -- 7.7.1 Description of the Site -- 7.7.2 Characterization of the Flood System -- 7.7.3 Application of the SPRC Model -- 7.7.4 Risk Mitigation Measures -- 7.7.5 Strategic Management -- Acknowledgments -- 7.8 - Flood and Erosion Management on a Dynamic Spit: the Hel Peninsula, Poland -- 7.8.1 Description of the Site -- 7.8.2 The Current Flood System -- 7.8.3 Application of the SPRC Model -- 7.8.4 Meteomarine Climate: Present Conditions and Long-Term Trends -- 7.8.5 Flood Mapping -- 7.8.6 Erosion Scenarios -- 7.8.7 Mitigation Measures -- 7.8.8 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations -- 7.9 - Flooding and Erosion Risk Analysis in Santander Bay, Spain -- 7.9.1 Description of the Site. , 7.9.2 The Coastal System -- 7.9.3 Flood and Erosion Risk Modeling -- 7.9.4 Mitigation Measures -- 7.9.5 Cost and Benefit Analysis for the Mitigation Measures -- 7.9.6 Policy Implications -- 7.9.7 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations -- 7.10 - Teign Estuary, South Devon, UK: Stakeholder-Led Mitigation -- 7.10.1 Description of the Site -- 7.10.2 Settlements -- 7.10.3 Habitats and Ecology -- 7.10.4 Existing Flood Governance and Management -- 7.10.5 Quantifying Flood Risk Under Climate Change -- 7.10.6 Stakeholders and Flood Mitigation -- 7.10.7 Future Mitigation Options for the Teign Estuary -- 7.10.8 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 WADER BIRDS -- 2 THE WADER WATCHERS -- 3 SPACING AND DISPERSION -- 4 DOWNS, BRECKS AND FARMLANDS -- Stone Curlew -- Oystercatcher -- Lapwing -- 5 MOORS AND HEATHLANDS -- Golden Plover -- Curlew -- Whimbrel -- 6 FLOWS AND PEATLANDS -- Greenshank -- Snipe -- Dunlin -- 7 LOCH, RIVER AND STREAM -- Common Sandpiper -- Red-necked Phalarope -- Redshank -- Ringed Plover -- 8 THE FOREST MARSH -- Temminck's Stint -- Wood Sandpiper -- Green Sandpiper -- 9 THE WOODCOCK -- 10 THE DOTTEREL -- 11 NEW OR RETURNING WADERS -- 12 PIPE-DREAM WADERS -- Selected bibliography -- Tables -- Sonagrams -- Index of birds -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- W -- Y -- General index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Practicing Plenitude -- 1 Artisanal Production, Communal Provisioning, and Anticapitalist Politics in the Aude, France -- 2 The Social Forms of Local Self- Reliance: Complexities of Community in the Alaskan Transition Movement -- 3 New Cultures of Connection in a Boston Time Bank -- 4 How Community- Supported Agriculture Facilitates Reembedding and Reterritorializing Practices of Sustainable Consumption -- 5 Raw Milk Underground: Status and Self-Sufficiency in Agro-Food Networks in the United States and Lithuania -- 6 Sustainable Pleasure and Pleasurable Sustainability at Chicago's Experimental Station -- 7 Why the Sustainable Economy Movement Hasn't Scaled: Toward a Strategy That Empowers Main Street -- 8 Cooperative Networks, Participatory Markets, and Rhizomatic Resistance: Situating Plenitude within Contemporary Political Economy Debates -- List of Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Lecture Notes in Computer Science -- Evolvable Systems: From Biology to Hardware -- Copyright -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Automatic Synthesis, Placement, and Routing of an Amplifier Circuit by Means of Genetic Programming -- Immunotronics : Hardware Fault Tolerance Inspired by the Immune System -- Ant Colony System for the Design of Combinational Logic Circuits -- Evolving Cellular Automata for Self-Testing Hardware -- Dynamic Optimisation of Non-linear Feed-Forward Circuits -- From the Sea to the Sidewalk: The Evolution of Hexapod Walking Gaits by a Genetic Algorithm -- Experiments in Evolvable Filter Design using Pulse Based Programmable Analogue VLSI Models -- The Intrinsic Evolution of Virtex Devices Through Internet Reconfigurable Logic -- Evolution of Controllers from a High-Level Simulator to a High DOF Robot -- The Evolution of 3-d C.A. to Perform a Collective Behavior Task -- Initial Evaluation of an Evolvable Microwave Circuit -- Towards an Artificial Pinna for a Narrow-Band Biomimetic Sonarhead -- Towards a Silicon Primordial Soup: A Fast Approach to Hardware Evolution with a VLSI Transistor Array -- Understanding Inherent Qualities of Evolved Circuits: Evolutionary History as a Predictor of Fault Tolerance -- Comparison between Three Heuristic Algorithms to Repair a Large-Scale MIMD Computer -- A Hardware Implementation of an Embryonic Architecture Using Virtex® FPGAs -- Everything on the Chip: A Hardware-Based Self-Contained Spatially-Structured Genetic Algorithm for Signal Processing -- Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics -- Biology Meets Electronics: the Path to a Bio-Inspired FPGA -- The Design and Implementation of Custom Architectures for Evolvable Hardware Using Off-the-Shelf Programmable Devices -- Mixtrinsic Evolution -- Evolution of Robustness in an Electronics Design. , Circuit Evolution and Visualisation -- Evolutionary Robots with Fast Adaptive Behavior in New Environments -- The Advantages of Landscape Neutrality in Digital Circuit Evolution -- Genetic Algorithm-Based Design Methodology for Pattern Recognition Hardware -- A Flexible Model of a CMOS Field Programmable Transistor Array Targeted for Hardware Evolution -- Author Index.

Note: Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 The risk assessor as the customer, K. Clive Thompson and C. Paul Nathanail -- 1.1 Analysis issues -- 1.2 Definition of analysis -- 1.3 Quality issues in contaminated land analysis -- 1.3.1 Background -- 1.3.2 ISO 17025 -- 1.3.3 The six valid analytical measurement (VAM) principles -- 1.3.4 MCERTS -- 1.4 Sampling point frequency considerations -- 1.5 Sample pre-treatment issues -- 1.6 Analysis method requirements -- 1.7 Measurement uncertainty -- 1.8 Proficiency schemes -- 1.9 New areas of analysis -- 1.9.1 Organic carbon -- 1.9.2 Partition coefficients (Kd values) -- 1.9.3 Bioavailability and bioaccessibility -- Note -- References -- Publications relevant to the CLR R& -- D programme -- 2 The requirements of the analytical method, David Westwood -- 2.1 Need for fully documented and properly validated methods -- 2.2 Current regimes -- 2.3 How to validate international, national and individual laboratory methods -- 2.4 Quality control - quality assurance -- 2.5 Prescribed method versus minimum performance characteristics approach -- 2.6 Proficiency testing for contaminated soil analysis -- 2.7 Reference materials -- References -- 3 Initial sample preparation, Mark Allen -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 An overview of initial sample preparation -- 3.2.1 Receipt of samples by the laboratory -- 3.2.2 Pre-preparation -- 3.2.3 Coarse comminution -- 3.2.4 Sieving for preparation purposes -- 3.2.5 Homogenisation -- 3.2.6 Sub-sampling -- 3.2.7 Fine comminution -- 3.2.8 Finishing -- 3.2.9 Comminution of vegetation -- 3.3 Processes and problems -- 3.3.1 Contamination from preparation equipment -- 3.3.2 Cross-contamination -- 3.3.3 Sub-sampling bias -- 3.3.4 Sub-sampling bias caused by sieving operations -- 3.3.5 Loss of fine particulates, volatile and labile components. , 3.4 Quality control -- 3.5 Good laboratory practice in initial sample preparation -- 3.5.1 Health and safety -- 3.5.2 Provisional protocols -- References -- 4 Metal analysis, Patrick Thomas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General discussion -- 4.2.1 Overview of digestion methods -- 4.2.2 Dry ashing -- 4.2.3 Wet digestion -- 4.2.4 Heating devices -- 4.3 Overview of instrumental methods of analysis -- 4.3.1 What is atomic absorption? -- 4.3.2 Flame atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.3 Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry -- 4.3.4 Hydride generation atomic absorption and fluorescence methods -- 4.3.5 Cold vapour atomic absorption and fluorescence methods for mercury -- 4.4 What is atomic emission spectrometry? -- 4.4.1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry -- 4.5 What is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry? -- 4.6 How to select the proper technique? -- 4.7 Overview of trace element speciation -- References -- 5 Analysis of inorganic parameters, George E. Rayment, Ross Sadler, Andrew Craig, Barry Noller and Barry Chiswell -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrical conductivity -- 5.2.1 Soil:water extract -- 5.2.2 EC measurement and reporting -- 5.3 pH -- 5.3.1 pH of 1:5 soil/water suspension (pHw) -- 5.3.2 pH of 1:5 soil/0.01 M calcium chloride extract (pHc) -- 5.3.3 pH of 1:5 soil/1 M potassium chloride extract (pHK) -- 5.3.4 pH of sodium fluoride suspension (pHF) -- 5.3.5 pH of hydrogen peroxide extract (pHHO) -- 5.3.5.1 Procedure -- 5.3.6 d pH -- 5.4 Redox potential -- 5.4.1 Summary -- 5.4.2 Capacity factor (Poise) -- 5.4.3 Usefulness of pe -- 5.4.4 Measurement of soil redox and electrodes -- 5.5 Water soluble chloride -- 5.5.1 Chloride - 1:5 soil/water extract, ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent conductivity -- 5.6 Water soluble boron -- 5.6.1 Hot water extractable soil B -- 5.7 Sulfur. , 5.7.1 Total sulfur - X-ray fluorescence -- 5.7.1.1 Preparation of standard pellets -- 5.7.1.2 Preparation of soil pellets -- 5.7.1.3 Analysis -- 5.7.2 Pyrite and other iron disulfides and acid volatile sulfides (chromium reducible sulfur) -- 5.7.2.1 Procedure -- 5.7.2.2 Calculation of the chromium reducible sulfur content -- 5.7.3 Water extractable sulfur - ICPAES -- 5.7.4 Water extractable sulfate-sulfur - ion chromatography (chemical suppression of eluent condu... -- 5.8 Cyanides, thiocyanates and cyanates -- 5.8.1 Cyanides -- 5.8.2 Thiocyanates -- 5.8.3 Cyanates -- 5.8.4 Standard digestion procedures and free cyanide -- 5.8.5 Speciation techniques for metallo-cyanide complexes -- 5.8.5.1 Ion chromatography -- 5.8.5.2 Atomic absorption spectrometry -- 5.8.5.3 Capillary zone electrophoresis -- 5.8.6 Determination of other cyanide compounds in soil -- 5.9 Asbestos -- 5.9.1 Introduction - the asbestos minerals and their uses -- 5.9.2 The health effects of asbestos -- 5.9.3 Common building materials and products that contained asbestos -- 5.9.4 Common asbestos containing materials that may be found in contaminated land sites -- 5.9.5 Encountering asbestos containing materials during a site investigation or redevelopment -- 5.9.6 The packaging of suspected asbestos containing materials for transportation to a testing laboratory -- 5.9.7 Choosing a suitable testing laboratory -- 5.9.8 Analysis of suspect asbestos containing materials -- 5.9.9 Achievable laboratory detection limits and interpretation of results -- 5.9.9.1 Bulk materials -- 5.9.9.2 Soil materials -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- 6 Petroleum hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Jim Farrell-Jones -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Chemical characteristics -- 6.1.2 Architecture of organic molecules -- 6.1.3 Aromatics -- 6.1.4 Chemical composition of petroleum. , 6.1.4.1 Product characteristics -- 6.1.4.2 Gasoline (called petrol in the UK) -- 6.1.4.3 Aviation gasoline -- 6.1.4.4 Jet fuels -- 6.1.4.5 Kerosene - domestic heating fuel -- 6.1.4.6 Diesel fuel -- 6.1.4.7 Fuel oils -- 6.1.4.8 Lubricating oils -- 6.2 Environmental fate of petroleum products -- 6.3 Factors influencing the analytical process -- 6.3.1 Collection and preservation -- 6.3.2 Sample extraction -- 6.3.2.1 Soxhlet -- 6.3.2.2 Manual shake -- 6.3.2.3 Accelerated solvent extraction -- 6.3.2.4 Microwave -- 6.3.2.5 Thermal extraction and static headspace -- 6.3.2.6 Purge and trap (dynamic headspace) -- 6.3.3 Concentration of sample extract -- 6.3.3.1 Sorbant/cryogenic trapping -- 6.3.3.2 Snyder column -- 6.3.3.3 Kuderna-Danish concentrator (K-D concentrator) -- 6.3.3.4 Nitrogen evaporation -- 6.3.3.5 Vacuum -- 6.3.4 Clean-up of sample -- 6.3.4.1 Removal of non-petroleum species -- 6.3.4.2 Isolation of particular species -- 6.3.4.3 Concentration of particular analytes -- 6.3.5 Measurement -- 6.3.5.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) -- 6.3.5.2 Petroleum group type analysis (not suitable for risk estimation) -- 6.3.5.3 Individual compound analysis -- 6.4 Total petroleum hydrocarbons: a detailed method review -- 6.4.1 Gas chromatography -- 6.4.1.1 Gasoline range organics (GRO) -- 6.4.1.2 Diesel range organics -- 6.4.1.3 Total petroleum hydrocarbons -- 6.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) TPH -- 6.4.3 Gravimetric TPH methods -- 6.4.4 Immunoassay TPH methods -- 6.5 Petroleum group type analysis (detailed review) -- 6.5.1 Thin layer chromatography (Iatroscan™ method) -- 6.5.2 Speciated group type TPH -- 6.6 Individual compound analysis -- 6.7 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 6.7.1 Structure -- 6.7.2 Sources -- 6.7.3 Carcinogenic nature -- 6.7.4 Methods of analysis -- 6.7.4.1 Screening test kits -- 6.7.4.2 Gravimetric. , 6.7.4.3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) -- 6.7.4.4 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) -- 6.7.4.5 Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) -- 6.7.4.6 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) -- Abbreviations -- Glossary of terms -- Bibliography -- Editors' note -- 7 Volatile organic compounds, Sue Owen and Peter Whittle -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Presence of VOCs in soil -- 7.3 Sampling and sub-sampling -- 7.3.1 Artefacts -- 7.4 Methods of analysis -- 7.4.1 Methanol extraction -- 7.4.2 Head-space -- 7.4.3 Purge and trap -- 7.4.4 Direct aqueous injection -- 7.5 Chromatography -- 7.5.1 Capillary columns -- 7.6 Detectors and quantitation -- 7.6.1 Mass spectrometric detection (MS) -- 7.6.2 Flame ionisation detector (FID) -- 7.6.3 Electron capture detector (ECD) -- 7.6.4 Electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) -- 7.6.5 Photo-ionisation detector (PID) -- 7.6.6 Standards and quantitation -- 7.7 Screening techniques -- 7.7.1 Qualitative analysis -- 7.7.2 Semi-quantitative analysis -- 7.8 Specific groupings -- References -- Commonly used groupings for analysing VOC samples -- 8 Non-halogenated organic compounds including semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), Joop Harmsen and Paul Frintrop -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Extraction -- 8.2.1 Presence of organic compounds in soil -- 8.2.1.1 Soxhlet -- 8.2.1.2 Shaking (agitation) procedure -- 8.2.1.3 Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) -- 8.2.1.4 Super critical fluid extraction (SFE) -- 8.2.2 Pre-treatment in relation to extraction -- 8.3 Screening or quantitative determination -- 8.3.1 Group parameters -- 8.4 The bioavailable fraction -- 8.5 Detection, identification and quantification -- 8.5.1 Detection -- 8.5.2 Identification -- 8.5.3 Quantification -- 8.6 Examples -- 8.6.1 Group parameters for organo-halogens -- 8.6.2 Phthalates -- 8.6.3 Organotin compounds. , 8.6.4 More polar herbicides and pesticides.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Epigraph -- Introduction -- In the Beginning -- Pets R Us -- Peacocks and Lilies, For Instance -- Swans -- Animal Behaviour -- Phobia -- Bats -- Dominion -- Sentenced to Life -- Merlin -- Pigs Might Fly -- Goat -- On Cats -- Arctophilia -- Loving a Wall -- The Unready -- Crows -- End Run -- The Fox's Tale -- Companions Afloat -- About the Author -- Copyright.