Keywords:
Environmental toxicology.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
The fifth edition includes new sections on the use of adverse outcome pathways, how climate change changes how we think about toxicology, and a new chapter on contaminants of emerging concern. Additional information is provided on the derivation of exposure-response curves to describe toxicity and they are compared to the use of hypothesis testing.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (491 pages)
Edition:
5th ed.
ISBN:
9781498750448
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5477059
DDC:
615.9/02
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Environmental Toxicology -- 1.1 Environmental Toxicology as an Interdisciplinary Science -- 1.2 A Brief History and Organizations in Environmental Toxicology -- 1.3 Interactions and Connections of Environmental Toxicology to the Management of Ecological Systems -- 1.3.1 Research Programs -- 1.3.2 Scientific Community -- 1.3.3 Risk Assessment -- 1.3.4 Governmental and Regulatory Agencies -- 1.3.5 Industry -- 1.3.6 General Public and Nongovernmental Organizations -- 1.4 Legislation -- 1.5 Introduction to this Textbook -- Study Questions -- Chapter 2: Frameworks and Paradigms for Environmental Toxicology -- 2.1 The Fundamentals -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Fundamental Models for Environmental Toxicology -- 2.3.1 The Classical Viewpoint for Classifying Toxicological Effects -- 2.3.2 Chemical Physical-Chemical Characteristics -- 2.3.3 Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation/Biodegradation -- 2.3.4 Receptor and the Mode of Action -- 2.3.5 Biochemical and Molecular Effects -- 2.3.6 Physiological and Behavioral Effects -- 2.3.7 Population Parameters -- 2.3.8 Community Effects -- 2.3.9 Ecosystem Effects -- 2.3.10 The Adverse Outcome Pathway -- 2.4 An Alter Native Framework Incorporating Complexity Theory -- 2.5 Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 2.6 Combining Scale and Ecological Dynamics: The Hierarchical Patch Dynamic Paradigm -- 2.7 Language as a Model -- 2.7.1 The Importance of Terminology and Language -- 2.7.2 The Language of Normative Science -- 2.7.3 Bending Science -- Study Questions -- References and Suggested Readings -- Chapter 3: Overview of Toxicity-Testing Methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Animal Care and Use Considerations -- 3.2 Standard Methods -- 3.2.1 Advantages of Standard Methods.
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3.2.2 Disadvantages of Standard Methods -- 3.3 Classification of Toxicity Tests -- 3.3.1 The Design of Toxicity Tests -- 3.3.1.1 Design Parameters for Single-Species Toxicity Tests -- 3.3.1.2 Exposure Scenarios -- 3.3.1.3 Test Organisms -- 3.3.1.4 Comparison of Test Species -- 3.4 Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- 3.4.1 The Design of Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- 3.4.2 The Nature of Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- 3.4.3 Summary of Design Guidelines for Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- 3.5 Overview of Specific Toxicity Tests -- 3.5.1 Daphnia 48 h Acute Toxicity Test -- 3.5.2 Algal 96 h Growth Toxicity Test -- 3.5.3 Acute Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Vertebrates and Macroinvertebrates -- 3.5.4 Terrestrial Vertebrate Toxicity Tests -- 3.5.5 Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay -- 3.6 Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- 3.6.1 Standardized Aquatic Microcosm -- 3.6.2 Mixed-Flask Culture -- 3.6.3 FIFRA Microcosm -- 3.6.4 Soil-Core Microcosm -- 3.7 Summary -- Study Questions -- Appendix: The Natural History and Utilization of Selected Test Species -- Aquatic Vertebrates -- Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) -- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) -- Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) -- Goldfish (Carassius auratus) -- Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) -- Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) -- Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) -- Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) -- Invertebrates-Freshwater -- Daphnids (Daphnia magna, D. pulex, D. pulicaria, Ceriodaphnia dubia) -- Amphipods (Gammarus lacustris, G. fasciatus, G. pseudolimnaeus, Hyalella azteca) -- Crayfish (Orconectes sp., Combarus sp., Procambarus sp., Pacifastacus leniusculus) -- Stoneflies (Pteronarcys sp.) -- Mayflies (Baetis sp., Ephemerella sp., Hexagenia limbata, H. bilineata) -- Midges (Chironomus sp.) -- Snails (Physa integra, P. heterostropha, Amnicola limosa): (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
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Planaria (Dugesia tigrina): (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria) -- Invertebrates: Saltwater -- Copepods (Acartia clausi, A. tonsa) -- Algae -- Chlamydomonas reinhardi -- Ulothrix sp. -- Microcystis aeruginosa -- Anabaena flos-aquae -- Avian Species -- Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) -- Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) -- Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) -- References -- Chapter 4: Analysis of Exposure-Response -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Exposure-Response Curve -- 4.3 Thresholds and Hormesis -- 4.4 Terminologies from Hypothesis Testing -- 4.5 Overview of the Tools for the Analysis of Exposure-Response Relationships -- 4.5.1 Limitations and Alternatives to Hypothesis Testing -- 4.5.2 Comparison of Calculations of Several Programs for Calculating Probit Analysis -- 4.5.3 Modeling Using R and the DRC Package -- 4.5.4 Hypothesis Testing -- 4.6 Curve Fitting and Regression Modeling versus Hypothesis Testing -- 4.7 The Debate: Regression Model versus the Hypothesis-Testing Debate -- 4.8 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- 4.8.1 Univariate Methods -- 4.8.2 Multivariate Methods -- 4.8.3 Visualization -- 4.9 Summary of Design Guidelines for Multispecies Toxicity Tests -- Study Questions -- References and Suggested Readings -- Chapter 5: The Fate and Transport of Contaminants -- 5.1 Introduction to the Fate and Transport of Contaminants -- 5.2 Transport Mechanisms -- 5.2.1 Advection, Diffusion, and Dispersion -- 5.2.2 Long-Range Atmospheric Transport -- 5.3 Persistence -- 5.4 Biotransport -- 5.5 Abiotic Degradation/Transformation -- 5.6 Multimedia Box Models -- 5.7 Equilibrium -- 5.8 The Fugacity Approach -- 5.9 Bioconcentration versus Biomagnification -- 5.10 Bioavailability -- 5.10.1 Measures of Bioavailability -- 5.10.2 Metal Speciation and the Biotic Ligand Model.
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5.10.3 Acid Volatile Sulfide/Simultaneously Extracted Metals in Anoxic Sediment -- 5.11 Summary -- Study Questions -- References and Suggested Readings -- Chapter 6: Uptake and Modes of Action -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Damage Process -- 6.2.1 Atmospheric Pollutants and Plants -- 6.2.2 Plant Injury -- 6.2.3 Vertebrates -- 6.2.3.1 Exposure -- 6.2.3.2 Uptake -- 6.2.3.3 Transport -- 6.2.3.4 Storage -- 6.2.3.5 Metabolism -- 6.2.3.6 Excretion -- 6.3 Mechanisms of Action -- 6.3.1 Disruption or Destruction of Cellular Structure -- 6.3.2 Direct Chemical Combination with a Cellular Constituent -- 6.3.3 Effect on Enzymes -- 6.3.4 Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence of a Pollutant -- 6.3.5 Metal Shift -- 6.4 Details of Specific Modes of Action -- 6.4.1 Narcosis -- 6.4.2 Organophosphates -- 6.4.3 Modes of Action of Chemical Warfare Agents -- 6.4.4 Monohaloacetic Acids -- 6.5 Receptor-Mediated Toxicity and Endocrine Disruption -- 6.5.1 Specificity of the Hormone-Receptor Interaction -- 6.5.2 The Receptor Pathway for TCDD -- 6.5.3 The Structure-Activity Relationships of PCB and Related Compounds -- 6.5.4 Polybrominated Diphenylethers -- 6.6 The Multiple Modes of Action of Atrazine -- 6.7 Adverse Outcome Pathway Models -- 6.8 Introduction to Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships -- 6.8.1 Construction of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships Models -- 6.8.2 Typical Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships Model Development -- 6.8.3 Estimation of Toxicity Using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships -- Study Questions -- References and Suggested Readings -- Chapter 7: Modification in Toxic Responses, Mixtures, and Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physicochemical Properties of Pollutants -- 7.3 Time and Mode of Exposure -- 7.4 Environmental Factors -- 7.4.1 Temperature -- 7.4.2 Humidity -- 7.4.3 Light Intensity.
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7.5 Biological Factors Affecting Toxicity -- 7.5.1 Diseases -- 7.5.2 Behavioral Factors -- 7.5.3 Sex Variation -- 7.5.4 Nutritional Factors -- 7.5.5 Fasting or Starvation -- 7.5.6 Proteins -- 7.5.7 Carbohydrates -- 7.5.8 Lipids -- 7.5.9 Vitamin A -- 7.5.10 Vitamin D -- 7.5.11 Vitamin E -- 7.5.12 Vitamin C -- 7.5.13 Minerals -- 7.6 Mixtures and the Effects on Toxicity -- 7.6.1 Synergism and Potentiation -- 7.6.2 Antagonism -- 7.6.3 Estimating the Toxicity of Mixtures -- 7.6.4 Simple Models of Mixture Toxicity -- 7.6.5 Mixture Estimation System -- 7.6.6 Estimating the Toxicity of Mixtures of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 7.7 Carbamate and Organophosphate Synergistic Toxicity -- 7.8 Climate Change and Toxicology -- Study Questions -- References and Suggested Readings -- Chapter 8: Inorganic Gaseous Pollutants -- 8.1 Sulfur Oxides -- 8.1.1 Sources of SO2 -- 8.1.2 Characteristics of SO2 -- 8.1.3 Effects on Plants -- 8.1.4 Effect on Animals -- 8.1.5 Effect on Humans -- 8.2 Nitrogen Oxides -- 8.2.1 Forms and Formation of Nitrogen Oxides -- 8.2.2 Major Reactive N Species in the Troposphere -- 8.2.3 Effects on Plants -- 8.2.4 Effects on Humans and Animals -- 8.2.5 Physiological Effects -- 8.2.6 Biochemical Effects -- 8.3 Ozone -- 8.3.1 Sources -- 8.3.2 Photochemical Smog -- 8.3.3 Effects on Plants -- 8.3.4 Effects on Humans and Animals -- 8.3.5 Biochemical Effects -- 8.4 Carbon Monoxide -- 8.4.1 Formation of CO -- 8.4.2 Human Exposure to CO -- 8.4.3 Toxicological Effects -- 8.4.4 Mechanism of Action -- Study Questions -- Refernces and Suggested Readings -- Chapter 9: Fluoride as a Contaminant of Developing Economies -- 9.1 Environmental Sources and Forms of Fluoride -- 9.1.1 Minerals and Soils -- 9.1.2 Natural Waters -- 9.1.3 Foods -- 9.1.4 Air -- 9.2 Industrial Sources of Fluoride Pollution -- 9.3 Effects on Plants -- 9.3.1 Injuries to Leaf Tissues.
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9.3.2 Effect on Germination.
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