Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Section I: Fundamentals of Manufactured Gas -- Chapter 1: Gas and Gasmaking in Massachusetts -- 1.1 Introduction and Objective -- 1.2 Navigating the Gas-Manufacturing Processes Employed in Massachusetts -- 1.2.1 Why Gas Process Identification Matters So Much in Remediation -- 1.3 Wood Gas (Also Known as Resin Gas, Rosin Gas, Fatwood Gas) -- 1.4 Coal Gas -- 1.4.1 Birth of Coal Gas -- 1.4.1.1 Pyrolysis -- 1.4.2 Coal Gas Retorts -- 1.4.2.1 Gas-Generation Working Conditions in General -- 1.4.2.2 Walter Russell's Enlightening Description (1917) -- 1.4.2.3 Later Developments in Coal Gas Operations -- 1.4.2.4 Case Example of a Modern Coal Gas Plant-Worcester, Circa 1910 -- 1.4.3 Vertical Retorts -- 1.5 Early Oil Gas in Massachusetts (1820-1890) -- 1.5.1 Characteristics of Early Oil Gas Works -- 1.5.2 Gas Oil Supply in Massachusetts -- 1.5.3 Petroleum Oil Gas in Massachusetts (1890-1929) -- 1.5.4 Naphtha Gas -- 1.5.5 L.P. Lowe Perfects the Crude Oil Gas Manufacturing Process, in Massachusetts (Lynn, 1887) -- 1.6 Water-Gas -- 1.6.1 Blue Water-Gas -- 1.6.1.1 Producer Gas -- 1.6.2 First Fuel Gas Distributed in the United States (Lynn, Massachusetts, 1883) -- 1.7 Carbureted Water-Gas (Lowe) -- 1.7.1 Rise and Utility of CWG -- 1.7.2 Practical Advantages of CWG -- 1.7.3 Disadvantages of CWG -- 1.7.4 Growth of CWG in Massachusetts -- 1.8 Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9 Differentiation of Petroleum Oil Gas From Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.1 Greenough-Jones-Addicks Fuel Gas Patent (1890) -- 1.9.2 Loomis Producer Fuel Gas CWG and Blue Gas (1890) -- 1.9.3 Granger Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.4 Jerzmanowski Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.5 Wilkinson Oil-Enriched Water-Gas. , 1.9.6 Expiration (1894) of Lowe Patents and Decline of the Oil-Enriched Water-Gas Lowe Imitators -- 1.10 Later Water-Gas and Bituminous Coal Technologies -- 1.11 Small-Scale Gas Processes -- 1.11.1 Proprietary German High-BTU Oil Gas Processes -- 1.11.1.1 Pintsch Gas -- 1.11.1.2 Blau Gas -- 1.11.2 "Spirit" Gas (Also Known As Gasolene Gas -- Air Gas) -- 1.12 Late Nineteenth-Century Noncarbureted Fuel Gas -- 1.12.1 Greased Wind (Greased Air) -- 1.13 Combined-Process Gas Plants -- 1.14 By-Product Coke-Oven Gas -- 1.14.1 Transport Influences on By-Product Coke Ovens -- 1.14.2 New England Gas and Coke Company, Everett -- 1.14.2.1 General Nature of the Everett Coke-Oven Plant -- 1.14.3 Coke-Oven Gas and By-Products -- 1.15 1930s High-Btu Water-Gas and Second-Generation Oil Gas -- 1.16 Acetylene as an Illumination and Heating Gas -- 1.16.1 General Rural Nature of Acetylene Gas Plants -- 1.16.2 Acetylene Gas Plants of Rural Massachusetts -- 1.17 Late Period High-BTU Refinery Gas Reforming (1929-1955) -- 1.17.1 Butane/Propane-Air Gas (1929-1955) -- 1.17.2 Second-Generation Oil Gas -- 1.17.3 High-Btu Substitute Natural Gas Reforming (1947-1955) -- 1.18 Late-Period Innovative Gas Technologies -- 1.19 Key Findings -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: Other Aspects of Gas Engineering in Massachusetts -- 2.1 Introduction and Objective -- 2.2 Engineering the Gasworks -- 2.2.1 Art and the Imperative of Gasworks Site Selection and Layout -- 2.2.2 Basic Requirements of Gasworks Historic Site Selection -- 2.2.3 Transportation of Gasworks Feedstock -- 2.2.4 Geotechnical Considerations in Historic Gasworks Siting and Operations -- 2.2.4.1 Bedrock Conditions -- 2.2.5 Case Example of Amherst, Massachusetts -- 2.2.6 Case Example of Springfield, Massachusetts -- 2.3 Fall River Gas Works Company: An Example of Large Scale Capital Improvement. , 2.3.1 Carbureted Water-Gas in Full-Scale Use: The Fall River Gas Works Company -- 2.3.2 Fall River Gas Works Company's New 1915 Plant -- 2.4 Gas Treatment, Storage, and Distribution -- 2.4.1 Treatment of Raw Gas: Clarification -- then Purification -- 2.4.2 "Clarification" (Mainly Tar Removal) of Raw Gas -- 2.4.2.1 Condensers -- 2.4.2.2 Specific Clarification Technologies Related to Tar Removal -- 2.4.3 Capture and Removal of Ammonia -- 2.4.3.1 Ammonia Recovery -- 2.4.3.2 Historical Perspectives on Ammonia Challenges -- 2.4.3.3 Specific Clarification Technologies Related to Ammonia Concentration and Removal -- 2.4.4 Naphthalene Removal -- 2.5 Purification (Impurity-Removal) of Raw Gas -- 2.5.1 Purification by Absorption in Lime -- 2.5.2 Purification by Absorption in Wood Chips -- 2.5.3 Purification by Absorption in "Oxide" -- 2.6 Gashouse Wastes and their Fates -- 2.6.1 Differentiation of Residuals Versus By-Products and Wastes -- 2.6.2 Gas Liquors, Gas Tars, and Tar Light Oils -- 2.6.3 Wastewater Treatment at Gasworks -- 2.6.3.1 The Broader Role of Wastewater Treatment -- 2.6.3.2 Problems Arising from Gasworks Wastewater: The Lowell Example -- 2.6.3.3 Sizing a Treatment System -- 2.6.4 Waste Purification Media -- 2.6.4.1 Historic Fate of Spent Box Wastes in Massachusetts -- 2.7 Tar-Water Emulsions: The Curse of CWG -- 2.7.1 Gas Industry Begins to Face the Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.2 The Tar-Water Emulsion Problem is Defined (1923) -- 2.7.3 Isolating the CWG Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.4 Mitigating the CWG Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.4.1 The Semet-Solvay De-Emulsifier -- 2.8 Gas Holders as Encountered in Massachusetts -- 2.8.1 Design Features of Massachusetts Gasholders -- 2.8.2 Greenough Concept of Using Gasholders to Control Distribution Pressure -- 2.8.3 Holder Houses of Massachusetts -- 2.8.4 Waterless Gasholders. , 2.8.5 Operational Aspects of Massachusetts Gasholders -- 2.8.6 Gasholder Leaks and Explosions -- 2.8.6.1 Springfield Gas Light Company Explosion, 1908 -- 2.8.6.2 The Vineyard Lighting Company Explosion, 1921 -- 2.8.6.3 Late-Period Explosions and Fires -- 2.9 District (Distribution) Stations -- 2.9.1 Era of Gas District Stations of Massachusetts (1854-1970) -- 2.9.1.1 Basic Purpose and Configuration of District Stations -- 2.9.1.2 Case Example of the Washington Street District Station, Boston (1847-1867) -- 2.9.1.3 Case Example of the Gerard Street District Station No. 2, Dorchester/Roxbury (1875-1950) -- 2.9.1.4 Case Example of the Page Boulevard District Station, Springfield -- 2.9.1.5 Case Example of the Winchester District Station of Arlington Gas Light Co. (1894) -- 2.9.1.6 Case Example of the Suburban Gas & -- Electric Company -- 2.9.1.7 Case Example of "Gassy": Boston's Largest District Station (1914-1930) -- 2.9.1.8 Demise of the District Holder in Massachusetts -- 2.9.2 Relative Prospects of Encountering Hazardous Substances at Derelict Massachusetts District Station Sites -- 2.10 Gas Mains and Gas Distribution in Massachusetts -- 2.10.1 Rights-of-Way and Gas-Main Construction -- 2.10.2 Cost Considerations for Gas Mains -- 2.10.3 Pipe Joints and Testing of Completed Gas Mains -- 2.10.4 Electrolytic Corrosion of Gas Mains -- 2.10.5 Distribution Drips -- 2.10.5.1 Gas Distribution Pressure -- 2.10.5.2 Layout Considerations for Gas Mains -- 2.11 Nature of the Gas-Manufacturing Coal Supply in Massachusetts -- 2.11.1 Old King Coal -- 2.11.2 Bituminous "Gas Coal" -- 2.11.2.1 Anthracite Coal -- 2.11.3 Coal Importation at Boston -- 2.11.3.1 Canadian Maritime Provinces Coals -- 2.11.3.2 English Gas Coals at Boston -- 2.11.3.3 Arrival of Pennsylvania and West Virginia Gas Coals. , 2.11.3.4 Two of the Railroads Try to Squeeze Boston and Massachusetts Gas Makers -- 2.11.4 Impacts of Coal Mine Strikes -- 2.11.5 Shift from Anthracite to Bituminous Coal -- 2.11.6 Cannel Coal -- 2.11.7 "Peak Coal," Wartime Coal Shortages, and Alternative Materials -- 2.11.8 Coal Exigencies in Massachusetts during the Second World War -- 2.11.9 Transportation of Gasworks Coal Feedstock -- 2.11.10 The Oil Supply -- 2.12 Changes in Gasworks over Time -- 2.12.1 The Pittsfield, Massachusetts East Street Gasworks as an Example of Change Over Time -- 2.12.2 The Curious Use of Dual Gas/Electric Lighting Fixtures (1914c-1922c) -- 2.12.3 Today's Indulgences in Gas Lighting -- 2.13 Other Historic Gasworks Issues -- 2.13.1 Historic Technical Issues Influencing the FMGP Threat in Massachusetts -- 2.13.2 Economic Struggles for Control Over CWG Carbureting Oil -- 2.13.3 Historic Trade in Surplus Gas-Manufacturing Plant and Equipment -- 2.14 Key Findings of Chapter 2: In Consideration of Coal-Tar Site Remediation -- End Notes -- Chapter 3: Historic Gas Industry in Massachusetts -- 3.1 Introduction and Objective -- 3.2 Heyday of Manufactured Gas in Massachusetts (1828-1960) -- 3.3 "Town Gas," Municipal Gas Departments and Utility Merchant MGPs -- 3.3.1 The Gas Company as "Startup" -- 3.3.2 "Opposition" Companies -- 3.4 Nature of "Town Gas" Companies in Massachusetts -- 3.4.1 Relative Historical Statistics of Commercial Manufactured Gas Companies in Massachusetts -- 3.4.2 Period of 1827-1853 -- 3.4.3 Period of 1853-1880 -- 3.4.4 The 1880s-Water-Gas and the Board of Commissioners -- 3.4.5 Period of 1885-1920 -- 3.4.5.1 Blue Water-Gas Remains in Its Fuel Gas Niche -- 3.4.5.2 CWG Becomes the New Standard for Expansion -- 3.4.6 "City Gas" Utility Gas Plants of Massachusetts -- 3.4.7 Municipal Gas Ownership Movement in Massachusetts. , 3.5 Overall Historic Growth of the Massachusetts Gas Industry.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I . A Theory for Medium Number Systems -- Chapter 1. Hierarchies -- Chapter 2. The Janus-Faced Holon -- Chapter 3. Scales and Filters -- Chapter 4. Sirens of Certainty -- Part II. Origins of Life as a Complex Medium Number System -- Chapter 5. A Wrinkle in Time: Evolution by Preadaptation -- Chapter 6. Functional and Structural Boundaries -- Chapter 7. The Self-Replicating Hierarchy -- Chapter 8. Scaling Strategies -- Part III. Scale and Complex Systems -- Chapter 9. Identifying the Scale in Community Ecology -- Chapter 10. Hierarchy as a Context for Modeling and Simulation -- Chapter 11. Diversity and Connectedness -- Chapter 12. Scale as an Investigative Tool -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Glossary -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author biography -- Thomas B Greenslade Jr -- Chapter 1 Preliminaries -- 1.1 Some mathematics -- 1.2 How Lissajous figures are formed -- Chapter 2 History -- 2.1 Nathaniel Bowditch and the Y-shaped pendulum -- 2.1.1 James Dean -- 2.1.2 Hugh Blackburn -- 2.2 Jules Lissajous and his tuning forks -- 2.2.1 Beats -- 2.3 Hubert Airy's harmonographs -- Chapter 3 Harmonographs of all sorts -- 3.1 Oscillating mirrors -- 3.2 The kaleidophone -- 3.3 Oscillating blades -- 3.4 Pendulum harmonographs -- 3.5 The Y-shaped pendulum -- 3.6 The two-speaker apparatus -- 3.7 Other harmonographs of unusual design -- 3.8 The oscilloscope -- 3.9 The animated harmonograph -- 3.10 Harmonograph 'toys' -- Chapter 4 Lovely Lissajous figures -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributing Authors -- 1 The ζ Aurigae Binaries -- 1.1 Introducing the ζ Aurigae Binaries -- 1.2 History and Background -- 1.3 Chromospheric Eclipses -- 1.4 The Field Widens -- 1.5 Other Advantages Offered by the ζ Aur Stars -- 1.6 Atmospheric Eclipses: Pioneers and Leaders -- 1.7 Atmospheric Eclipses: Opportunities and Challenges -- 1.8 Stellar Chromospheres: Updating Information -- References -- 2 Observing and Analyzing the ζ Aurigae Systems -- 2.1 Preamble -- 2.2 Spectroscopic Observations: Variety and Complementarity -- 2.2.1 Ground-Based Spectra: Historic (`Heritage') Data -- 2.2.2 The Switch to Digital Technology -- 2.2.3 Observations from Space -- 2.3 Analysis of a Chromosphere: Extracting Column Densities -- 2.4 Individual ζ Aur Systems -- 2.4.1 ζ Aur -- 2.4.1.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.1.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.2 31 Cygni -- 2.4.2.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.2.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.2.3 Quasi-periodic RV Variations -- 2.4.3 32 Cygni -- 2.4.3.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.3.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.3.3 Quasi-periodic RV Variations -- 2.4.4 VV Cep -- 2.4.5 22 Vul -- 2.4.5.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.5.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.6 HR 6902 -- 2.4.6.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.6.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.7 HR 2554 -- 2.4.7.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.7.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.8 τ Persei -- 2.4.8.1 Ground-Based Monitoring -- 2.4.8.2 UV Spectroscopy from Space -- 2.4.9 γ Persei -- 2.4.10 HD 223971 -- 2.4.11 ε Aur -- 2.5 Modelling Stellar Chromospheres -- 2.5.1 Densities in the Lower and Middle Chromosphere -- 2.5.2 The Upper Chromosphere and Wind -- 2.6 Comparisons and Contrasts -- 2.6.1 How Similar Are These Chromospheres to OneAnother? -- 2.6.2 How Different Are They?. , 2.7 The Inhomogeneity of the Chromosphere -- 2.8 Mass Loss and Stellar Winds -- 2.8.1 Properties of the Winds -- 2.8.2 Are the Wind and the Chromosphere a Single Structure or Two? -- 2.9 The ζ Aur Primaries as Templates for Single Stars -- 2.10 Looking Ahead -- Appendix: Digitizing Photographic Spectra -- References -- 3 The Special Case of VV Cephei -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Stellar and Orbit Solution -- 3.3 Optical and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy -- 3.4 The Formation of Spectrum Lines in VV Cep -- 3.5 Total Eclipse -- 3.6 Chromospheric Eclipse -- 3.7 Chromospheric Structure Inferred from Line Profiles -- 3.8 The Hot Companion -- 3.9 Comparison from Orbit to Orbit -- 3.10 VV Cep as an Extended Source -- 3.11 A Simple Wind Density Model -- 3.12 Looking Ahead -- References -- 4 ε Aurigae: A Two Century Long Dilemma Persists -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Selected Results of the 2010 Eclipse Campaigns -- 4.2.1 Orbital Solutions -- 4.2.2 Spectral Energy Distribution -- 4.2.3 Distance to the System -- 4.2.4 Light Curves -- 4.2.5 Spectroscopy -- 4.2.6 Additional Results, and New Work in Progress -- 4.2.7 Relative Component Masses: Models -- 4.3 Concordances with Other Binary Systems -- 4.4 Key Observational Opportunities -- References -- 5 Atmospheric Heating and Wind Acceleration in Cool Evolved Stars -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Observational Constraints to the Heating and Acceleration of Stellar Atmospheres and Winds -- 5.2.1 Energy Dissipation Requirements -- 5.2.2 Momentum Deposition Requirements -- 5.2.3 Constraints from Atmospheric Turbulence and Flows -- 5.3 Acoustic Heating: Successes and Limitations -- 5.3.1 Two-Component Chromosphere Models -- 5.3.2 Possible Relevance of Acoustic Waves to Winds from Cool Evolved Stars -- 5.4 MHD Wave-Heating and Wind Acceleration -- 5.4.1 Energy Dissipation Due to Alfvén Waves: A Source of Chromospheric Heating. , 5.4.2 Momentum Deposition by Alfvén Waves: Driving Winds from Cool Evolved Stars -- 5.5 Future Work: Toward Self-Consistent MHD Models of Stellar Atmospheres and Winds -- References -- 6 Optical Interferometry of Giants and Supergiants -- 6.1 Diameters and Astrometry of Single and Binary Supergiants -- 6.2 Miras and AGB Stars -- 6.3 Carbon Stars -- 6.3.1 Effective Temperature Versus (V0-K0) -- 6.3.2 Asphericity -- 6.4 Supergiants -- 6.5 To the Future! -- References -- 7 Asteroseismology of Eclipsing Binary Stars -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Principles of Asteroseismology -- 7.2.1 Types of Pulsation Modes -- 7.2.2 Excitation Mechanisms -- 7.2.2.1 Stochastic Oscillations -- 7.2.2.2 Coherent Pulsations -- 7.3 The Importance of Eclipsing Binary Stars for Asteroseismology -- 7.3.1 Asteroseismic Scaling Relations -- 7.3.2 Mode Identification and Driving Mechanisms in Intermediate-Mass Stars -- 7.3.3 Tidally Induced Pulsations and Eccentric Binary Systems -- 7.4 Giant Stars -- 7.4.1 Oscillating Giants in Eclipsing Binary Systems -- 7.4.2 Oscillating Giants in Eccentric Binary Systems -- 7.4.3 Giants in Hierarchical Triple Systems: The Case of HD 181068 -- 7.5 Dwarf and Subgiant Stars -- 7.5.1 Classical Pulsators -- 7.5.2 Compact Pulsators -- 7.6 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- Afterword -- Index of Keywords.