Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 031A589A. - Verbund-Nummer 01151933 , weitere Autoren dem Berichtsblatt entnommen , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMEL 2814704111. - Verbund-Nummer 01142365 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Mathematical Chemistry and applications: Volume 1 -- Copyright -- Cover art -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Mathematical Structural Descriptors of Molecules and Biomolecules: Background and applications -- Introduction -- Molecular Structure -- Statistical Methods for Qsar Model Development -- Differential Qsar to Characterize Molecular Basis of Drug Resistance -- Similarity: Birds (and Chemicals!) of a Feather Flock together -- Mathematical Descriptors of Nucleic acid Sequences -- Descriptors From Mathematical Proteomics -- Combined Use of Chemodescriptors and Biodescriptors for Bioactivity Prediction -- Conclusion -- Guest Editorial -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 2: Ordering Thinking in Chemistry -- Introduction -- Mathematical Way of Thinking -- Order Theory in The Mathematical Way of Thinking in Chemistry -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 3: On The Concept for Overall topological Representation of Molecular Structure -- Introduction -- From Simple Graph-invariants to a More General Representation of Molecular topology -- Topological Complexity as a Guide in The Search for a Generalized topological Characterization of Molecular Structure -- The Concept for Overall topological Descriptors of Molecular Structure -- Formulas for The Overall topological indices of Some Classes of Graphs -- Overall topological indices Capture The Patterns of increasing Molecular Complexity -- Overall topological indices (oi) Provide a Basis for High Structure-property and Structure-activity Correlations -- Alternative approaches to a More Complete topological Representation of Molecular Structure -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References. , Chapter 4: The Four Connectivity Matrices, Their indices, Polynomials and Spectra -- Introduction -- Product-connectivity Matrices -- Sum-connectivity Matrices -- Comparisons Between The Connectivity indices -- Connectivity Polynomials -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: The Use of Weighted 2D Fingerprints in Similaritybased Virtual Screening -- Introduction -- Previous Studies -- Methods -- Inverse Frequency Weighting -- Frequency Weighting -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6: Molgen 5.0, A Molecular Structure Generator -- Introduction -- Applications -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: On Comparability Graphs: Theory and applications -- Introduction -- Comparability Graphs -- Applications -- Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations and Notations -- References -- Chapter 8: Basic Concepts and applications of Molecular topology to Drug Design -- Introduction -- Methodology and applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Conceptual Density Functional Theory of Chemical Reactivity -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations and Symbols of Some Important Quantities -- References -- Chapter 10: Mathematical (structural) Descriptors in Qsar: applications in Drug Design and Environmental toxicology -- Introduction -- Structural Descriptors -- Qsar in Drug Discovery -- Qsar in Environmental toxicology -- Caesar Models -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References. , Chapter 11: Current Landscape of Hierarchical QSAR Modeling and its Applications: Some Comments on the Importance of Mathematical Descriptors as well as Rigorous Statistical Methods of Model Building and Validation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Tortuous History of Qsar: From 1868 to The Present Time -- 3. Calculation of Molecular Descriptors for Qsar -- 4. Hierarchical Qsar Development and Validation -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 12: Recent advances in The assessment of Druglikeness Using 2D-structural Descriptors -- Introduction -- Development of Drug-like Filters (DLFS) From Structural Descriptors -- Druglike index (DLI) From Structural Descriptors -- Structural Descriptors for The analysis of Druglikeness: atom Type Diversity -- Atomic Level assessment of Druglikeness -- Future Direction -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: Role of In Silico Stereoelectronic Properties and Pharmacophores in Aid of Discovery of Novel Antimalarials, Antileishmanials, and Insect Repellents -- Introduction -- Results and Discussions -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: Molecular Taxonomy -- Introduction -- Strings and Their Periodicities -- Quarks and Their Periodicities -- Hadron Periodicities -- Nuclear Periodicity -- Atomic Periodicities -- Molecular Periodicities -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Subject index -- Back Cover.

Note: Cover -- Series information -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Remarks on recent advances concerning boundary effects and the vanishing viscosity limit of the Navier-Stokes equations -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction and uniform estimates -- 1.2 Kato criterion for convergence to the regular solution -- 1.3 Mathematical and physical interpretation of Theorem 1.3 -- 1.3.1 Recirculation -- 1.3.2 The Prandtl equations and the Stewartson triple-deck ansatz -- 1.3.3 Von Karman turbulent Layer -- 1.3.4 Energy limit and d'Alembert paradox -- 1.4 Kato's criterion, anomalous energy dissipation, and turbulence -- References -- 2 Time-periodic flow of a viscous liquid past a body -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Notation -- 2.3 Preliminaries -- 2.4 An Embedding Theorem -- 2.5 Linearized Problem -- 2.6 Fully Nonlinear Problem -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 The Rayleigh-Taylor instability in buoyancy-driven variable density turbulence -- Abstract -- 3.1 Background to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability -- 3.2 The 3D Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes equations -- 3.3 The variable density model for two incompressible miscible fluids -- 3.3.1 The mathematical model -- 3.3.2 The roles played by θ = ln ρ and ∇θ -- 3.3.3 Summary of the D[sub(m)]-method used for the Navier-Stokes equations -- 3.4 Some L[sup(2m)]-estimates on ∇θ and ω -- 3.4.1 Definitions -- 3.4.2 The evolution of D[sub(1,θ)] -- References -- 4 On localization and quantitative uniqueness for elliptic partial differential equations -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A lower bound for the decay of Δu = W∇u + V u -- 4.3 A construction of a localized solution -- 4.4 A construction of a solution vanishing of high order -- 4.5 The equation Δu = Vu -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Quasi-invariance for the Navier-Stokes equations. , 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Navier-Stokes equations -- 5.3 Burgers equation -- 5.4 Use of critical dependent variables -- 5.5 Cole-Hopf transform and Feynman-Kac formula -- 5.6 Dynamic scaling transform -- 5.6.1 Change of probability measures -- 5.6.2 Leray equations -- 5.6.3 Navier-Stokes equations -- 5.7 Summary -- Appendix A Wiener process -- References -- 6 Leray's fundamental work on the Navier-Stokes equations: a modern review of "Sur le mouvement d'un liquide visqueux emplissant l'espace" -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preliminaries -- 6.1.2 The Oseen kernel T -- 6.2 The Stokes equations -- 6.2.1 A general forcing F -- 6.2.2 A forcing of the form F = −(Y · ∇)Y -- Notes -- 6.3 Strong solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations -- 6.3.1 Properties of strong solutions -- 6.3.2 Local existence and uniqueness of strong solutions -- 6.3.3 Characterisation of singularities -- 6.3.4 Semi-strong solutions -- Notes -- 6.4 Weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations -- 6.4.1 Well-posedness for the regularised equations -- 6.4.2 Global existence of a weak solution -- 6.4.3 Structure of the weak solution -- Notes -- Acknowledgements -- 6.5 Appendix -- 6.5.1 The heat equation and the heat kernel -- 6.5.2 The extension of Young's inequality for convolutions -- 6.5.3 Decay estimates of P(x, t) -- 6.5.4 Properties of the Stokes equations -- 6.5.5 Integral inequalities -- 6.5.6 The Volterra equation -- 6.5.7 A proof of (6.85) without the use of the Lemma 6.4 -- 6.5.8 Smooth approximation of the forcing -- References -- 7 Stable mild Navier-Stokes solutions by iteration of linear singular Volterra integral equations -- Abstract -- 7.1 The initial-boundary value problem of the Navier-Stokes equations -- 7.2 Results on stability of Navier-Stokes solutions -- 7.3 Bounds on P(u · ∇v) and on e[sup(−tA)]. , 7.4 The approximation schemes of Fujita-Kato and Giga-Miyakawa: sketch of the proof in Fujita & -- Kato (1964) for the uniform bound of the approximations -- 7.5 Stable mild Navier-Stokes solutions Theorems 7.4-7.6 -- 7.6 Basic results on linear singular Volterra integral equations -- 7.7 Proof of the theorems -- References -- 8 Energy conservation in the 3D Eulerequations on T[sup(2)] × R[sub(+)] -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy conservation without boundaries -- 8.2.1 Weak solutions of the Euler equations -- 8.2.2 Using u[sub(ε)] as a test function -- 8.2.3 'Mollifying the equation' -- 8.2.4 Energy Conservation -- 8.3 Two spatial conditions for energy conservation in the absence of boundaries -- 8.4 Energy Balance on T[sup(2)] × R[sub(+)] -- 8.4.1 Weak solutions of the Euler equations on D[sub(+)] := T[sup(2)] × R[sub(+)] -- 8.4.2 Half-plane reflection map -- 8.5 Energy Conservation on D[sub(+)] -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 8.7 Afterward: the result of Bardos & -- Titi on a general bounded domain -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Regularity of Navier-Stokes flows with bounds for the velocity gradient along streamlines and an effective pressure -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Preliminaries -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 A direct approach to Gevrey regularity on the half-space -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Preliminaries -- 10.3 Derivative reduction -- 10.3.1 Normal derivative reduction -- 10.3.2 Tangential derivative reduction -- 10.3.3 The time-derivative reduction -- 10.4 Proof of Theorem 10.1 -- 10.4.1 The S[sub(1)] term -- 10.4.2 The S[sub(2)] term -- 10.4.3 The S[sub(3)] term -- 10.4.4 The S[sub(4)] term -- 10.4.5 The S[sub(5)] term -- 10.4.6 The S[sub(6)] term -- 10.4.7 Conclusion of the proof -- 10.5 Derivative reduction for the Stokes problem and the proof of Theorem 10.2. , 10.5.1 Normal derivative reduction for the Stokes operator -- 10.5.2 Tangential derivative reduction for the Stokes operator -- 10.5.3 Time derivative reduction for the Stokes operator -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Weak-Strong Uniqueness in Fluid Dynamics -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Relative Energy Method -- 11.3 Dissipative Measure-Valued Solutions -- 11.4 Dealing with Viscosity -- 11.4.1 Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations -- 11.4.2 Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations -- 11.5 Physical Boundaries in the Inviscid Situation -- 11.6 An Alternative Approach -- References.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bee Phylogeny, Bee Diversity, and the Distinction between Solitary and Social Bees -- 3. The Solitary Bee Life Cycle -- 4. Alternative Male Mating Tactics: The Race to Be First and the Race to Be Last -- 5. The Surprising Utility of Males -- 6. Nest Architecture and Brood-Cell Construction -- 7. The Tools of the Trade: Floral Rewards and How Bees Harvest Them -- 8. Foraging and Provisioning Behavior -- 9. The Microcosm of the Brood Cell: A Bestiary of In-Nest Mutualists -- 10. Brood-Parasitic (Cuckoo) Bees -- 11. Non-Bee Parasites and Predators -- 12. Bees and Plants: Love Story, Arms Race, or Something in Between? -- 13. Solitary Bees and Agricultural Pollination -- 14. Threats to Solitary Bees and Their Biological Conservation -- 15. Epilogue: The Scala Naturae -- LITERATURE CITED -- SUBJECT INDEX -- TAXONOMIC INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Useful Microbial Enzymes-An Introduction -- 1.1 The Enzymes: A Class of Useful Biochemicals -- 1.2 Microbial Enzymes for Industry -- 1.3 Improvement of Enzymes -- 1.4 Discovery of New Enzymes -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Production, Purification, and Application of Microbial Enzymes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Production of Microbial Enzymes -- 2.2.1 Enzyme Production in Industries -- 2.2.2 Industrial Enzyme Production Technology -- 2.2.2.1 Submerged Fermentation -- 2.2.2.2 Solid State Fermentation -- 2.3 Strain Improvements -- 2.3.1 Mutation -- 2.3.2 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology -- 2.3.3 Protein Engineering -- 2.4 Downstream Processing/Enzyme Purification -- 2.5 Product Formulations -- 2.6 Global Enzyme Market Scenarios -- 2.7 Industrial Applications of Enzymes -- 2.7.1 Food Industry -- 2.7.1.1 Starch Industry -- 2.7.1.2 Baking Industry -- 2.7.1.3 Brewing Industry -- 2.7.1.4 Fruit Juice Industry -- 2.7.2 Textile Industry -- 2.7.3 Detergent Industry -- 2.7.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 2.7.5 Animal Feed Industry -- 2.7.6 Leather Industry -- 2.7.7 Biofuel From Biomass -- 2.7.8 Enzyme Applications in the Chemistry and Pharma Sectors -- 2.7.8.1 Speciality Enzymes -- 2.7.8.2 Enzymes in Personal Care Products -- 2.7.8.3 Enzymes in DNA-Technology -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Solid State Fermentation for Production of Microbial Cellulases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Solid State Fermentation (SSF) -- 3.2.1 Comparative Aspects of Solid State and Submerged Fermentations -- 3.2.2 Cellulase-Producing Microorganisms in SSF -- 3.2.3 Extraction of Microbial Cellulase in SSF -- 3.2.4 Measurement of Cellulase Activity in SSF -- 3.2.4.1 Filter Paper Activity (FPase). , 3.2.4.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulase Activity (CMCase) -- 3.2.4.3 Xylanase Activity -- 3.2.4.4 β-Glucosidase Activity -- 3.3 Lignocellulosic Residues/Wastes as Solid Substrates in SSF -- 3.4 Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues -- 3.4.1 Physical/Mechanical Pretreatments -- 3.4.1.1 Mechanical Comminution -- 3.4.1.2 Grinding/Milling/Chipping -- 3.4.2 Physico-Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.4.2.1 Steam Explosion (Autohydrolysis) -- 3.4.3 Chemical Pretreatments -- 3.4.4 Biological Pretreatment -- 3.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial Cellulase Production in SSF -- 3.5.1 Water Activity/Moisture Content -- 3.5.2 Temperature -- 3.5.3 Mass Transfer Processes: Aeration and Nutrient Diffusion -- 3.5.3.1 Gas Diffusion -- 3.5.3.2 Nutrient Diffusion -- 3.5.4 Substrate Particle Size -- 3.5.5 Other Factors -- 3.6 Strategies to Improve Production of Microbial Cellulase -- 3.6.1 Metabolic Engineering and Strain Improvement -- 3.6.2 Recombinant Strategy (Heterologous Cellulase Expression) -- 3.6.2.1 Yeast Expression Systems -- 3.6.2.2 Bacterial Expression Systems -- 3.6.2.3 Plant Expression System -- 3.6.3 Mixed-Culture (Coculture) Systems -- 3.7 Fermenter (Bioreactor) Design for Cellulase Production in SSF -- 3.7.1 Tray Type Bioreactor -- 3.7.2 Rotary Drum Bioreactor -- 3.7.3 Packed Bed Bioreactor -- 3.7.4 Fluidized Bed Bioreactor -- 3.8 Biomass Conversion and Application of Microbial Cellulases -- 3.8.1 Textile Industry -- 3.8.2 Laundry and Detergents -- 3.8.3 Food and Animal Feed -- 3.8.4 Pulp and Paper Industry -- 3.8.5 Biofuels -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- 4 Hyperthermophilic Subtilisin-Like Proteases From Thermococcus kodakarensis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Two Subtilisin-Like Serine Proteases From Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 -- 4.3 Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.1 Ca2+-Dependent Maturation of Tk-Subtilisin. , 4.3.2 Crystal Structures of Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.3 Requirement of Ca2+-Binding Loop for Folding -- 4.3.4 Ca2+ Ion Requirements for Hyperstability -- 4.3.5 Role of Tkpro -- 4.3.6 Role of the Insertion Sequences -- 4.3.7 Cold-Adapted Maturation Through Tkpro Engineering -- 4.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-Subtilisin -- 4.3.9 Tk-Subtilisin Pulse Proteolysis Experiments -- 4.4 Tk-SP -- 4.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP -- 4.4.2 Crystal Structure of Pro-S359A* -- 4.4.3 Role of proN -- 4.4.4 Role of the C-Domain -- 4.4.5 PrPSc Degradation by Tk-SP -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 5 Enzymes from Basidiomycetes-Peculiar and Efficient Tools for Biotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Brown and White Rot Fungi -- 5.3 Isolation and Laboratory Maintenance of Wood Rot Basidiomycetes -- 5.4 Basidiomycetes as Producers of Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Lignocellulose Biomass -- 5.4.1 Enzymes Involved in the Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicelluloses -- 5.4.2 Enzymes Involved in Lignin Degradation -- 5.5 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by Basidiomycetes: Screening and Production in Laboratory Scale -- 5.6 General Characteristics of the Main Ligninolytic Enzymes with Potential Biotechnological Applications -- 5.6.1 Laccases -- 5.6.2 Peroxidases -- 5.7 Industrial and Biotechnological Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes from Basidiomycetes -- 5.7.1 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Delignification of Vegetal Biomass and Biological Detoxification for Biofuel P ... -- 5.7.2 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds -- 5.7.3 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Degradation of Textile Dyes -- 5.7.4 Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Pulp and Paper Industry -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 6 Microbial Production and Molecular Engineering of Industrial Enzymes: Challenges and Strategies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Strategies for Achieving High-Level Expression of Industrial Enzymes in Microorganisms -- 6.2.1 Strategies for High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in E. coli -- 6.2.1.1 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Transcriptional Regulation in E. coli -- 6.2.1.2 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Translational Regulation in E. coli -- 6.2.1.3 Enhancement of the Expression of Enzymes by Different Protein Formations in E. coli -- 6.2.1.4 Improving Enzyme Production Yield by Fusion Proteins or Molecular Chaperones in E. coli -- 6.2.1.5 High-Level Expression of Enzymes by Codon Optimization in E. coli -- 6.2.1.6 Fermentation Optimization of Enzyme Production in E. coli -- 6.2.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Bacilli -- 6.2.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 6.2.4 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Yeasts -- 6.2.4.1 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in P. pastoris -- 6.2.4.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in S. cerevisiae -- 6.2.4.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Other Yeast Hosts -- 6.2.5 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Filamentous Fungi -- 6.2.5.1 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Aspergillus Species -- 6.2.5.2 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Trichoderma Species -- 6.2.5.3 High-Level Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Other Filamentous Fungi Species -- 6.3 Molecular Engineering Strategies -- 6.3.1 Directed Evolution -- 6.3.2 Site-Directed Mutagenesis -- 6.3.3 Saturation Mutagenesis -- 6.3.4 Truncation -- 6.3.5 Fusion -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Metagenomics and the Search for Industrial Enzymes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Dilemma Between Known, Engineered, or Novel Enzymes. , 7.3 Metagenomics and Its Application to Enzyme Research -- 7.4 Success Stories of Naïve and Direct Sequencing Screens for New Enzymes -- 7.5 Success Stories for Introducing Environmental Enzymes into the Market -- 7.6 Enzyme Search: Limitations of Metagenomics and Solutions -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 The Pocket Manual of Directed Evolution: Tips and Tricks -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods to Generate DNA Diversity -- 8.2.1 Mutagenic Methods -- 8.2.1.1 Random Mutagenesis -- 8.2.1.2 Saturation Mutagenesis -- 8.2.2 DNA Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.1 In Vitro Methods -- 8.2.2.1.1 Homology-Dependent Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.1.2 Homology-Independent Recombination Methods -- 8.2.2.2 In Vivo Methods -- 8.3 Computational Tools -- 8.4 Functional Expression Systems -- 8.5 Mutant Library Exploration -- 8.5.1 Genetic Selection Methods -- 8.5.2 High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays -- 8.5.3 Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening Assays -- 8.6 Forthcoming Trends in Directed Evolution -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 9 Insights into the Structure and Molecular Mechanisms of β-Lactam Synthesizing Enzymes in Fungi -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Penicillin and Cephalosporin Biosynthesis: A Brief Overview -- 9.1.2 Genes Involved in Penicillin Biosynthesis -- 9.2 ACV Synthetase -- 9.2.1 The ACV Assembly Line -- 9.2.2 The Cleavage Function of the Integrated Thioesterase Domain -- 9.2.3 The Quality Control (Proofreading) Role of the Thioesterase Domain -- 9.2.4 ACV Analog Dipeptides and Tripeptides Synthesized by the ACVS in Vitro -- 9.3 Isopenicillin N Synthase -- 9.3.1 Binding and Lack of Cyclization of the LLL-ACV -- 9.3.2 The Iron-Containing Active Center -- 9.3.3 The Crystal Structure of IPNS -- 9.3.4 Oxidase and Oxygenase Activities of IPNS. , 9.3.5 Recent Advances on the Cyclization Mechanism.

Note: Front Cover -- Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes and Mites -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- LIST OF PLATES -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER I. WOODLICE -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER II. MILLIPEDES -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER III. CENTIPEDES -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER IV. OTHER 'MYRIAPODS' -- Class PAUROPODA -- Class SYMPHYLA -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER V. SCORPIONS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Poison -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER VI. SOLIFUGAE -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER VII. FALSE-SCORPIONS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER VIII. WHIP-SCORPIONS AND OTHERS -- Order PALPIGRADI -- Order THELYPHONIDA -- Order SCHIZOMIDA -- Order PHRYNICHIDA ( = AMBLYPYGI) -- Order RICINULEI -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER IX. HARVEST-SPIDERS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER X. SPIDERS -- Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Mating habits -- Life history -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER XI. MITES AND TICKS. , Classification and distribution -- General behaviour -- Food and feeding habits -- Enemies -- Reproduction and life cycle -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- EPILOGUE -- GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CLASSIFICATORY INDEX -- GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS -- INDEX OF GENERAL TOPICS.

Note: Front Cover -- Microfluidic Cell Culture Systems -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Design principles for dynamic microphysiological systems -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. What Are Microfluidic Multiorgan Cell Culture Systems? -- 1.2. General Principles for Multiorgan System Development -- 1.3. Value of Microfluidic Multiorgan Systems -- 1.3.1. Improvements in effectiveness and expense of drug development process -- 1.3.2. PK/PD modeling and understanding basic human biology -- 1.3.3. Personalized medicine and clinical diagnostics -- 2. Principles of Multiorgan System Development -- 2.1. Reconfigurability for Diverse, Dynamic Model Integration -- 2.1.1. Physical reconfigurability -- 2.1.2. On-the-fly reprogrammable organ configuration -- 2.2. Platform Scalability to Accommodate Organ System Complexity -- 2.3. Physiologic Tissue Perfusion -- 2.4. Physiologic Scaling of Tissues and Media -- 2.4.1. Appropriate scaling to maintain physiologic relevance -- Allometric scaling -- Physiologic scaling -- 2.5. Common Media -- 2.6. Facile, In-Line, Noninvasive Tissue Monitoring -- 2.7. Materials and Methods of Construction -- 3. Multiorgan Systems -- 3.1. Electromagnetic Multiorgan Platform Technology -- 3.2. Demonstration of Platform Fidelity -- Liver-Airway Multiorgan System [15] -- 3.3. EVATAR -- Multiorgan System Recapitulation of the Female Reproductive Tract -- 4. Limitations of Microfluidic Multiorgan Systems -- 4.1. Engineering and Technological Limitations -- 4.2. Biological Limitations -- 4.2.1. Cell source -- 4.2.2. User handling of complex systems -- 4.2.3. Experimental consistency through automation -- 5. Future of Microfluidic Multiorgan Systems -- References -- Chapter 2: Microfluidic systems for controlling stem cell microenvironments*** -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microfluidic Elements for Cell Culture. , 2.1. Cell Sorting and Filtering -- 2.2. Cell Isolation and Storage -- 2.3. Cell Lysis -- 2.4. Surface Patterning -- 2.5. Microfluidic Mixing, Concentration Gradients and Combinatorial Solutions -- 2.6. On-Chip Cell Culture -- 2.7. Cell Analysis On-Chip -- 3. Controlling Cellular Microenvironments -- 3.1. Soluble Factors and Chemical Stimuli -- 3.2. Mechanical Stimuli -- 3.2.1. Substrate properties -- 3.2.2. Shear stress and other mechanical effects -- 3.3. Electrical Stimuli -- 3.4. Cell-Cell Contact and Co-Culture -- 3.5. Development and Mimicking of Extracellular Matrices -- 4. Challenges and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Microfluidic platforms with nanoscale features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Engineering of Nanoscale Features -- 2.1. Fabrication of Irregular Nanoscale Features -- 2.2. Fabrication of Regular Nanoscale Features -- 2.2.1. Focused particle beam lithography -- 2.2.2. Replication techniques -- 2.2.3. Stitching technique -- 3. Assembly of PDMS-Based Microfluidic Platforms -- 3.1. Reversible Assembly -- 3.2. Irreversible Bonding -- 3.3. Microtransfer Assembly -- 4. Microfluidic Platforms With Embedded Nanoscale Features for Cell Studies -- 4.1. Tumor Cell Isolation -- 4.2. Stem Cell Regulation -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4: Microfabricated kidney tissue models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Significance of Microfabricated Kidney Tissue Models -- 3. Kidney Structure and Function Relationship -- 4. Traditional Kidney Tissue Models -- 5. Crucial Signaling Elements for Kidney Tissue Models -- 5.1. Signaling Elements Delivered via Cell Substrate -- 5.1.1. Surface chemistry -- 5.1.2. Substrate stiffness -- 5.1.3. Substrate topography -- 5.2. Signaling Elements Delivered via Fluid Flow -- 5.2.1. Chemical -- 5.2.2. Flow-induced shear stress (FSS). , 6. Review of Current Microfabricated Kidney Tissue Models -- 6.1. Microfabricated Kidney Models With Controlled Flow-Induced Shear Stress -- 6.2. Microfabricated Kidney Models With Porous Membranes and Scaffolds -- 6.3. Microfabricated Kidney Models With User-Defined Substrate Topography -- 6.4. Microfabricated Kidney Models With Physiological Function -- 7. Summary and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 5: Application of complex in vitro models (CIVMs) in drug discovery for safety testing and disease modeling -- 1. Introduction: General Concept (Overarching Theme) of Complex in vitro Models (CIVMs) -- 1.1. The CIVM Dawn in the Pharmaceutical Landscape -- 1.2. Expected Role of Complex in vitro Models in R& -- D -- 1.3. The Global Market of Complex in vitro Methods -- 1.4. Getting Closer to Human Patient Modeling: Current Gaps and Future Challenges -- 1.5. Qualification of CIVM -- 2. Complex in vitro Liver Models -- 2.1. Backgrounds -- 2.2. Liver Models -- 2.2.1. Sandwich cultures -- 2.2.2. 3D hepatocyte spheroids & -- multicellular spheroids -- 2.2.3. Hollow fiber bioreactor and organ(s)-on-a-chip -- 2.2.4. 3D bioprinted liver -- 2.3. Remaining Challenges and Limitations of Liver in vitro Models and Future Perspectives -- 3. Complex in vitro Skin Models -- 4. Complex in vitro Oncology Models -- 4.1. Background on Tissue Microenvironment (TME) for Solid Tumors -- 4.2. Tumor Models -- 4.2.1. Cells -- 4.2.2. Microscale tumor models -- 4.2.3. Ex vivo -- 4.2.4. Tumor spheroids -- 4.2.5. Avascular matrix/scaffold -- 4.2.6. Microvascular model -- 4.3. Challenges and Limitations -- 5. Multi Organ on a Chip Models -- 5.1. Description of the Types of Multi Organ on a Chip -- 5.2. Examples of MOOCs Linked to Drug Discovery -- 5.2.1. Safety and toxicity -- 5.2.2. PK-PD and efficacy -- 6. Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6: Hepatic microphysiological systems: Current and future applications in drug discovery and development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Current Emerging Technologies -- 2.1. Overview -- 2.2. Complex Two-Dimensional (2D) Plated Coculture Systems -- 2.3. Three-Dimensional (3D) Static Hepatic Cultures -- 2.4. Flow Based 3D Mono or Coculture Systems -- 3. Current Applications and Scope -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. Using Microphysiological Systems for Drug-Disposition Studies -- 3.3. Drug Toxicity Testing With Hepatic Microphysiological Systems -- 3.4. Modeling Liver Disease in Microphysiological Systems -- 3.4.1. Metabolic liver diseases -- 3.4.2. Infectious/parasitic diseases -- 3.4.3. Metastatic liver disease -- 3.4.4. Genetic diseases of the liver -- 4. Considering Qualification and Contexts of Use for Liver MPS -- 5. Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 7: Microphysiological models of human organs: A case study on microengineered lung-on-a-chip systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Design Principle 1: Mimicking Structural and Multicellular Complexity -- 3. Design Principle 2: Recapitulating Mechanical and Biochemical Microenvironment -- 4. Case Study: lung-on-a-chip Technology -- 4.1. Early Demonstrations of Human Lung-on-a-Chip -- 4.2. Recent Advances in Lung-on-a-Chip Technology -- 4.2.1. Small airway-on-a-chip -- 4.2.2. Organotypic lung-on-a-chip model for the study of host-pathogen interactions -- 4.2.3. Alveolus-on-a-chip model of intravascular thrombosis -- 4.2.4. Lung tumor-on-a-chip -- 5. Future Prospects and Important Challenges -- References -- Chapter 8: Cardiac tissue models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Myocardial Tissue: The Minimal Functional Unit of the Human Heart -- 2.1. Cells in the Myocardium -- 2.2. Extracellular Matrix in the Myocardium -- 2.3. Physiology of the Myocardium -- 3. Sources of Cardiac Myocytes. , 3.1. Primary Cardiac Myocytes -- 3.2. Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Myocytes -- 3.2.1. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) -- 3.2.2. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) -- 4. Engineering and Interrogating two-dimensional Cardiac Tissues -- 4.1. Fabrication Technologies for Two-Dimensional Cardiac Tissues -- 4.1.1. Microcontact printing -- 4.1.2. Surface molding -- 4.2. Sensing Technologies for Two-Dimensional Cardiac Tissues -- 4.2.1. Traction force microscopy -- 4.2.2. Muscular thin films (MTFs) -- 4.2.3. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) -- 5. Engineering and Interrogating three-dimensional Cardiac Tissues -- 5.1. Fabrication Technologies for Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissues -- 5.1.1. Molding cell-matrix solutions -- 5.1.2. Bioprinting -- 5.2. Sensing Technologies for Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissues -- 5.2.1. Optical mapping -- 5.2.2. Micropost arrays -- 6. Screening Drug Safety and Efficacy in Cardiac Microphysiological Systems -- 6.1. Screening Cardiotoxicity -- 6.2. Modeling Acquired Cardiac Diseases -- 6.2.1. Myocardial ischemia -- 6.2.2. Pathological hypertrophy -- 6.3. Modeling Inherited Cardiac Diseases -- 6.3.1. Barth syndrome -- 6.3.2. Titinopathies -- 7. Outlook -- 7.1. Maturation of hiPSC-Derived Cardiac Myocytes -- 7.2. Integration of Non-Myocyte Cell Populations -- 7.3. Coupling With Other Organs -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Neural tissue micro-physiological systems in the era of patient-derived pluripotent stem cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Components of in vitro Neural Tissue Models -- 2.1. Cellular Components -- 2.1.1. Neural cell types differentiated from human iPSC -- 2.2. Materials and Format of Cell Culture -- 2.3. Blood Brain Barrier/Neurovascular Unit -- 3. Neurodegenerative Disease Models -- 3.1. Alzheimer's Disease -- 3.2. Parkinson's Disease -- 3.3. Huntington's Disease. , 3.4. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Wide-Angle Birding: Be the Bird, See the Bird -- Becoming a "Good Birder": Understanding the Basics -- Birding Mentors -- Why Birding Is Cool -- Waterbirds -- Loons -- Swans -- Mallard and Monochromatic "Mallards" -- White Herons -- Coastal Birds -- Eiders -- Brachyramphus Murrelets -- Pacific Cormorants -- Seabirds -- Sulids: Northern Gannet and Boobies -- Tropical Terns -- Atlantic Gadflies -- Large Shorebirds -- Curlews -- Godwits -- Skulkers -- Marsh Sparrows -- Small Wrens (Troglodytes and Cistothorus) -- Birds of Forest and Edge -- Accipiters -- American Rosefinches -- Aerial Insectivores -- Swifts -- Night Birds -- Screech-Owls: An "Otus" and the Megascops -- Nighthawks -- Open-Country Birds -- Yellow-bellied Kingbirds -- Black Corvids: Crows and Ravens -- Pipits -- Longspurs -- Cowbirds -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- An Overview of Conservation Paleobiology -- 1 Defining and Establishing Conservation Paleobiologyas a Discipline -- 2 Data in Conservation Paleobiology -- 3 Looking Forward -- References -- Should Conservation Paleobiologists Save the World on Their Own Time? -- 1 Always Academicize? -- 2 To Advocate, or Not to Advocate -- 3 Speaking Honestly to Power -- 4 From Pure Scientist to Honest Broker -- 5 Keeping It Real -- 6 Overcoming the Fear Factor -- 7 Later Is Too Late -- References -- Conceptions of Long-Term Data Among Marine Conservation Biologists and What Conservation Paleobiologists Need to Know -- 1 What is "Long Term"? -- 2 Survey Implementation -- 3 Survey Responses and What They Mean for Conservation Paleobiologists -- Conservation Goals -- Long-Term Data -- Environmental Stressors -- Baselines -- Challenges -- 4 Takeaways for Conservation Paleobiologists -- 5 Moving Forward -- Appendix 1: Survey Questions -- Appendix 2: Survey Population Selection -- Appendix 3: Categorization of Responses -- References -- Effectively Connecting Conservation Paleobiological Research to Environmental Management: Examples from Greater Everglades' Restoration of Southwest Florida -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining the Problem -- 3 Ensuring Success as a Conservation Paleobiologist -- Developing Partnerships and Collaborative Teams -- Becoming or Engaging a Liaison -- Participate in "Management Collaboratives" -- Compose Technical Reports in Addition to Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles -- Present Your Findings to Stake Holder Groups -- Attend and Present at Environmental Science and Restoration Conferences -- Train our Students -- Reward Faculty for Conducting Community-Engaged Scholarship -- Promote and Reward Community Service for Work with Environmental Agencies and NGOs. , 4 Case Studies from Greater Everglades' Restoration -- Case Study 1: Water Management of the Caloosahatchee River -- Case Study 2: Picayune Strand Restoration Project -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Using the Fossil Record to Establish a Baseline and Recommendations for Oyster Mitigation in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- Pleistocene Localities -- Field and Museum Sampling -- Oyster Size and Abundance Data -- Reconstructing Paleotemperature and Salinity -- Modern and Colonial Data -- 3 Results -- Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Holland Point -- Paleotemperature -- Paleosalinity -- Shell Height -- Growth Rate -- 4 Discussion -- Comparing Pleistocene to Modern Oysters -- Environmental Controls on Oyster Size -- Human Factors Influencing Oyster Size -- Implications for Restoration -- A Role for Conservation Paleobiology -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Coral Reefs in Crisis: The Reliability of Deep-Time Food Web Reconstructions as Analogs for the Present -- 1 Introduction -- Preserving the Past -- Endangered Coral Reefs -- 2 Fossilizing a Coral Reef -- Dietary Breadth -- Trophic Chains and Levels -- Modularity -- 3 Guild Structure and Diversity -- Identifying Guilds in a Food Web -- 4 Reconstructing the Community -- Diversity and Evenness -- Simulated Food Webs -- 5 Summary -- Appendix 1 -- Hypergeometric Variance -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Exploring the Species -Area Relationship Within a Paleontological Context, and the Implications for Modern Conservation Biology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Marine Refugia Past, Present, and Future: Lessons from Ancient Geologic Crises for Modern Marine Ecosystem Conservation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Refugium. , A Species Must Have a Range Contraction, Range Shift, or Migration in Order to Escape the Onset of Global Environmental Degradation That Would Otherwise Cause Extinction of That Species -- Range Shifts -- Habitat Shifts -- Isolated Geographic Refugia -- Life History Refugia -- Cryptic Refugia -- Harvest Refugia -- The Environmental Conditions of a Refugium Are Sufficiently Habitable Such That the Species' Population Remains Viable During Its Time in the Refugium -- A Species' Population Is Smaller in the Refugium Than Its Pre-environmental Perturbation Size -- The Species Remains in the Refugium for Many Generations -- After the Environmental Crisis Ends, the Species Recovers by Inhabiting Newly Re-opened Habitats, Either Through Population Expansion or Through Adaptive Radiation -- Otherwise, the Refugium Became a Trap -- 3 Identifying Ancient Refugia -- Fossil Data -- Phylogeographic Studies -- Species Distribution Models -- 4 Lessons from the Past for Identifying Future Refugia -- As the Marine Environment Continues to Change, Refugia May Need to Shift -- Refugial Size and Connectivity Can Enhance Survivorship, But Can Also Have Evolutionary Consequences -- Conditions Inside Refugia May Not Necessarily Remain Pristine, But Will Need to Be of Sufficiently Lower Magnitude of Total Stress to Maintain Viable Populations -- Beware the Refugial Trap -- 5 Future Directions for Investigating Ancient Refugia -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Training Tomorrow's Conservation Paleobiologists -- 1 Business As Usual Is Not Enough -- 2 A Call to Action -- 3 Bridging the Gap -- Recommendation 1 -- Recommendation 2 -- Recommendation 3 -- Recommendation 4 -- Recommendation 5 -- Recommendation 6 -- 4 Okay, But… -- 5 In the Meantime… -- 6 A Bright Future -- References -- A Conceptual Map of Conservation Paleobiology: Visualizinga Discipline. , 1 Determining the Current State and Structure of Conservation Paleobiology -- 2 Mapping a Discipline -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Visualizations -- Text Co-Occurrence Visualizations -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Visualizations -- Bibliographic Coupling Visualizations -- 3 Bibliometric Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Networks -- Text Co-Occurrence Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Networks -- Bibliometric Coupling Networks -- 4 The Intellectual Landscape -- 5 Emerging Frontiers -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.