Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- 1 Introduction -- Part I Present scientific challenges to be addressed using seafloor observatories -- 2 Integrating continuous observatory data from the coast to the abyss: Assembling a multidisciplinary view of the ocean in four dimensions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Spatial (environmental) scope -- 2.3 Temporal scope -- 2.4 Catastrophic episodicity -- 2.5 Complex interconnectedness -- 2.6 Challenges of multidisciplinarity -- 2.7 Integrated networks -- 2.8 Scientific initiatives -- 2.9 Scientific development -- 2.9.1 Builders -- 2.9.2 Future builders -- 2.9.3 Bridge-builders -- 2.9.4 Data analysts -- 2.9.5 Knowledge beneficiaries -- 2.10 Participants and data access -- 2.11 Summary -- References -- 3 Underwater neutrino telescopes: Detectors for astro-particle physics and a gateway for deep-sea laboratories -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 High-energy neutrino astronomy -- 3.3 High-energy neutrino detection -- 3.3.1 The Cherenkov detection technique in transparent natural media -- 3.3.2 Underwater Cherenkov neutrino telescopes -- 3.4 Towards a deep-sea infrastructure for neutrino astronomy and Earth and sea science in the Mediterranean Sea -- 3.4.1 NESTOR: Neutrino Extended Submarine Telescope with Oceanographic Research -- 3.4.2 ANTARES: Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch -- 3.4.3 NEMO: NEutrino Mediterranean Observatory -- 3.4.4 KM3NeT -- 3.4.4.1 Optical modules -- 3.4.4.2 Detection unit mechanical structure -- 3.4.4.3 Readout technology -- 3.4.4.4 Sea-floor network -- 3.5 Beyond the km3: New techniques for ultra-high-energy neutrino detection -- 3.6 Deep-sea science with neutrino telescopes -- 3.6.1 Bioluminescence -- 3.6.2 Seawater optical properties -- 3.6.3 Biofouling and sedimentation -- 3.6.4 Underwater currents -- 3.6.5 Bioacoustics -- 3.6.6 Geophysics. , 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Web resources -- 4 Seafloor observations and observatory activities in the Sea of Marmara -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geohazards in the Sea of Marmara -- 4.2.1 The Sea of Marmara seismic gap -- 4.2.2 Submarine landslides -- 4.2.3 Tsunamis -- 4.3 Fluids and seismicity in the Sea of Marmara -- 4.4 Oceanographic and environmental sensitivity of the Sea of Marmara -- 4.5 Sensors for seafloor observations in the Sea of Marmara -- 4.5.1 Seismic motion -- 4.5.2 Flowmeters -- 4.5.3 Piezometers (pore-pressure sensors) -- 4.5.4 Gas-bubble monitoring -- 4.5.5 Methane sensor -- 4.5.6 Oceanographic sensors -- 4.6 Recommended observatory sites -- 4.7 Present initiatives for seafloor observatories in the Sea of Marmara -- 4.7.1 Marmara Sea Bottom Observatory (MSBO) project -- 4.7.2 The ESONET Marmara-Demonstration Mission project -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Hellenic deep sea observatory: Science objectives and implementation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hellenic observatory: Science objectives -- 5.2.1 Geodynamics and seismicity -- 5.2.2 Seafloor instabilities -- 5.2.3 Tsunamis -- 5.2.4 Fluid flow and mud volcanism -- 5.2.5 Thermohaline circulation and climate change -- 5.3 Existing stand-alone observatory (Poseidon system - Pylos site) -- 5.3.1 Surface buoy: Air-sea interaction monitoring -- 5.3.2 Water column monitoring -- 5.3.3 Seabed platform -- 5.4 Ongoing operation management -- 5.4.1 Data flow, management and quality control procedures -- 5.4.2 Data and information product dissemination -- 5.4.3 Operation of the POSEIDON-Pylos observatory, 2007-2010 -- 5.5 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Marine seismogenic-tsunamigenic prone areas: The Gulf of Cadiz -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Large earthquakes and tsunamis in the Gulf of Cadiz -- 6.3 Main hazard source zones in SW Iberia. , 6.3.1 Gloria Fault -- 6.3.2 SW Iberian transpressive domain -- 6.3.2.1 Gorringe Bank zone -- 6.3.2.2 Horseshoe Marques-de-Pombal zone -- 6.3.2.3 The Algarve Margin -- 6.3.2.4 East dipping subduction slab -- 6.4 The strategy for seafloor continuous monitoring -- 6.4.1 First results -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Technical solutions for seafloor observatory architecture -- 7 The role of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) for seafloor observatories: Acquisition, archival, analysis, interoperability -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Different types of ocean observatories -- 7.3 Benefits of ICT for an ocean observatory -- 7.4 Mandate of a software infrastructure for ocean observatories -- 7.5 Observatory system design -- 7.5.1 Design decisions imposed on the ICT -- 7.5.2 Network design considerations -- 7.5.3 National security issues -- 7.5.4 General network security threats mitigation -- 7.5.5 Design choices -- 7.5.6 Private network and IP address range -- 7.5.7 Access only through VPN or through software proxies -- 7.5.8 Isolation of VLANs to isolate instrument categories from one another -- 7.5.9 User authentication and authorization -- 7.5.10 Timing and time signals -- 7.6 Data acquisition -- 7.6.1 Data types in ocean sciences -- 7.6.1.1 Data flow as streams - Data flow as an event management problem -- 7.6.1.2 Interfaces to many different types of instruments -- 7.6.1.3 Interoperability -- 7.6.1.4 Science data vs. engineering data -- 7.6.2 Data archive and distribution management -- 7.6.2.1 The cost of a 25-year mandate -- 7.6.3 Data repository growth: Constant, linear or exponential? -- 7.6.3.1 Types of products -- 7.6.3.2 Evolution of raw data rate -- 7.6.3.3 Adapting the storage structure to expected use -- 7.6.3.4 Observatory assets management and operation support -- 7.6.3.5 Data access and analysis. , 7.6.3.6 Remote use of underwater assets -- 7.7 Summary -- 7.8 Non-exhaustive list of ocean observatories -- Reference -- Glossary of acronyms -- 8 Long-term subsea observatories: Comparison of architectures and solutions for infrastructure design, interfaces, materials, sensor protection and deployment operations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Comparison between observatory architectures -- 8.2.1 Vertically cabled architecture -- 8.2.2 Non-cabled architecture -- 8.2.3 Cabled architecture -- 8.2.3.1 Architecture and mechanical design of a node and a junction box -- Mechanical design overview -- SJB design solutions -- 8.3 Recommendations for signals, protocols and connector pin-out between infrastructure and instrumentation -- 8.4 Long-term deployment: Materials for subsea observatories -- 8.5 Long-term deployment: Biofouling protection for marine environmental devices and sensors -- 8.5.1 Biofouling protection by "controlled" biocide generation: Localized seawater electro-chlorination system -- 8.6 ROV operations: Deployment and maintenance operations -- 8.7 Conclusion and next steps -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Web resources -- Glossary -- 9 Development and demonstration of a mobile response observatory prototype for subsea environmental monitoring: The case of ROSE -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 System specifications -- 9.2.1 Functional specifications -- 9.2.2 Technical specifications -- 9.2.2.1 Acoustic network -- 9.2.2.2 Radio-electric link -- 9.2.2.3 Information flows -- 9.2.2.4 Sea bottom stations -- 9.2.2.5 The buoy -- 9.2.2.6 On-shore control station -- 9.2.2.7 Messengers -- 9.3 Study and construction of a prototype system -- 9.3.1 Seafloor stations -- 9.3.2 Buoy -- 9.3.3 Sensors -- 9.4 Prototype tests in Ifremer seawater tank -- 9.4.1 Station tests -- 9.4.2 Messenger tests -- 9.5 Demonstration at sea -- 9.5.1 Sea operations. , 9.5.1.1 System deployment -- 9.5.1.2 System operation from mid-June to early September -- 9.5.1.3 System recovery -- 9.5.2 Analyses of at-sea demonstration results -- 9.5.2.1 Communication system and station operation -- 9.5.2.2 Biofouling -- 9.5.2.3 Messenger -- 9.5.2.4 Sensors -- 9.6 Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Construction of the DONET real-time seafloor observatory for earthquakes and tsunami monitoring -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 System overview -- 10.3 Backbone cable system -- 10.4 Science node -- 10.5 Observatory -- 10.6 Scenario -- 10.7 ROV for observatory construction -- 10.8 DONET construction -- 10.9 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 GEOSTAR-class observatories 1995-2012: A technical overview -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The origins: ABEL and DESIBEL -- 11.3 GEOSTAR -- 11.3.1 GEOSTAR mission 1 (Adriatic Sea) -- 11.3.2 GEOSTAR mission 2 (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) -- 11.3.3 GEOSTAR missions 3 and 4 (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) -- 11.3.4 GEOSTAR mission 5 (Gulf of Cadiz) -- 11.3.5 GEOSTAR mission 6 (Gulf of Cadiz) -- 11.4 SN1 -- 11.4.1 SN1 mission 1 (Ionian Sea) -- 11.4.2 SN1 mission 2 (Ionian Sea) -- 11.4.3 SN1 mission 3 (Ionian Sea) -- 11.5 MABEL (SN2) -- 11.5.1 MABEL (SN2) mission 1 (Weddell Sea, Antarctica) -- 11.6 SN3 -- 11.6.1 SN3 missions 1 and 2 (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) -- 11.7 SN4 -- 11.7.1 SN4 mission 1 (Corinth Gulf) -- 11.7.2 SN4 missions 2 and 3 (Marmara Sea) -- 11.8 GMM -- 11.8.1 GMM missions 1 and 2 (Gulf of Patras) -- 11.8.2 GMM mission 3 (Ionian Sea) -- 11.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III World-wide recent and ongoing projects and programmes -- 12 The two seafloor geomagnetic observatories operating in the western Pacific -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Instrumentation at sea -- 12.3 Seafloor experiments. , 12.3.1 Observed time-series on the seafloor.

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