Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Introduction to the New Maritime Arctic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: Policy Framework -- 3 Forces of Change -- 4 Current Arctic Marine Traffic and Key Routes -- 5 New IMO Polar Code -- 6 Chapter Themes and Issues -- 7 Challenges and the Future -- References -- Part I: The Polar Code and Beyond -- The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 International Regulatory Framework for Shipping in Polar Waters -- 3 International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Status and Structure of the Code -- 3.3 Objectives of the Code -- 3.4 General Requirements -- 3.5 Maritime Safety Related Requirements -- 3.6 Marine Environmental Related Requirements -- 3.7 Related IMO Guidelines and Recommendations -- 3.8 Further Work Related to the Polar Code -- 4 Associated SOLAS and MARPOL Amendments Making the Polar Code Mandatory -- 5 Training and Certification Requirements for Officers and Crews on Ships Operating in Polar Areas -- 6 Other Polar Shipping Related Issues -- 6.1 Objectives of the Code -- 6.2 Use and Carriage of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) in the Arctic -- 6.3 Other Issues -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Arctic Maritime Safety: The Human Element Seen from the Captain´s Table -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Risks of Arctic Shipping -- 3 The Human Element and Human Error -- 4 The Element of Uncertainty -- 5 Human Resources -- 6 Multicultural Shipping -- 7 Continuous Improvement of Safety and Crew Involvement -- 8 Communication -- 9 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Beyond the Polar Code: IMO Measures for Assuring Safe and Environmentally Sound Arctic Navigation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Work on the Polar Code -- 2.1 Risk Assessment -- 2.2 Additional Performance and Test Standards. , 2.3 Extending the Polar Code to Non-SOLAS Ships -- 2.4 Polar Code-Related Amendments to the Survey Guidelines -- 3 Potential New Measures -- 3.1 Routeing and Reporting Systems -- Vessel Traffic Services -- 3.1.1 Mandatory Ship Reporting Systems in Straits -- 3.2 Port State Control -- 3.3 ISPS Code -- 3.4 Special Protection for Arctic Ocean Areas under the Cognizance of MEPC (Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 2014a) -- 3.4.1 MARPOL Special Areas -- 3.4.2 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) -- 3.4.3 Emission Control Areas (ECAs) -- 3.4.3.1 Black Carbon -- 3.4.3.2 Arctic Council -- 3.4.4 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) -- 3.5 Ballast Water Controls -- 3.6 Anti-Fouling -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Arctic Ship Monitoring/Tracking -- Arctic Environment Preservation Through Grounding Avoidance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Technology to Navigate the Global Ocean -- 3 The Arctic Routes -- 4 Increasing Arctic Casualties and Groundings -- 5 Challenges of Arctic Navigation -- 5.1 Navigation Charts -- 5.2 Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) -- 5.3 Aids to Navigation (AtoN) -- 5.4 Communications -- 5.5 Environmental Sensing -- 6 Enhanced Environmental Situational Awareness -- 6.1 Navigation Sonar -- 6.2 Virtual Aids to Navigation -- 6.3 Georeferencing -- 7 Grounding Avoidance Strategies -- 7.1 M/V Clipper Adventurer -- 7.2 M/V Exxon Valdez -- 7.3 M/V Rena -- 7.4 M/V Costa Concordia -- 7.5 MSV Fennica -- 7.6 M/V Petrozavodsk -- 8 Safety Management System -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- From Sensing to Sense-Making: Assessing and Visualizing Ship Operational Limitations in the Canadian Arctic Using Open-Access ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assessing Ship Operational Limits in Ice -- 2.1 Polar Operational Limitations Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS) -- 2.2 Ice Risk Visualization Using POLARIS Scenario Risk Maps. , 3 Example Use Case: Strategic Appraisal of Ice Conditions -- 3.1 Use 1: Varying Ship Classification -- 3.2 Use 2: Temporal Variation of RIO -- 3.3 Use 3: Impact of Statistical Aggregation on RIO -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Vessel Tracking Using Automatic Identification System Data in the Arctic -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Norwegian SAT-AIS -- 1.2 Purpose of This Chapter -- 1.3 AIS Requirements, Equipment Classes and Message Types -- 2 Trends in Number of Ships Observed in the Arctic -- 2.1 Number of Ships Per Month -- 2.2 Annual Growth Rates -- 2.3 Observations and Predictions for 2015 -- 2.4 Count of Ships by Ship Type -- 2.5 Discussion -- 3 Geographic Distribution -- 3.1 Number of Ships in Sectors -- 3.2 Growth in the Sectors -- 3.2.1 Recent Growth of Class A and Class B -- 3.3 Count of Ships by Flag State -- 3.4 Count of Ships in the Northeast Passage -- 4 Seasonal Variations in Ship Tracks -- 5 Annual Variations in Ship Density -- 6 Quality of Service -- 7 Summary -- References -- Detection and Tracking of Ships in the Canadian Arctic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Present and Future Capabilities -- 3 Situational Awareness -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Knowledge Discovery of Human Activities at Sea in the Arctic Using Remote Sensing and Vessel Tracking Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 2.1 Ship Data -- 2.2 Geophysical Data -- 2.3 Auxiliary Data -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Monitoring a Local Area -- 4.2 Analysis of an Individual Ship Track -- 4.3 Analysis of All Ship Tracks -- 4.4 Arctic-Wide Seasonal Changes -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Part III: Arctic Governance -- The Place of Joint Development in the Sustainable Governance of the Arctic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Arctic Legal Regime -- 2.1 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -- 2.2 Joint Development -- 3 Proposed Regime Contents. , 3.1 Joint Development Zone (Designated Zone) -- 3.2 Body Corporate/Institution (Agency/Authority/Commission) -- 3.3 The Constitution of the Body Corporate/Institution -- 3.4 Arctic Natural Resources Development Code -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Arctic Strategies of the EU and Non-Arctic States: Identifying Some Common Elements -- 1 Introduction: Non-Arctic States ``Queuing Up´´ at the Arctic Council -- 2 Foundations on International Environmental Law, the EU and the Arctic -- 3 EU Council Conclusions on the Arctic -- 4 Joint Communications on the Arctic -- 5 Resolutions of the European Parliament on the Arctic -- 6 The German Example of an Arctic Strategy by a Non-Arctic State -- 7 Common Features of Arctic Strategies of Other Non-Arctic States -- 8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Books and Book Chapters -- EU Documents -- Journal Articles (Including Online Articles and Digital Object Identifiers) -- Other Online Documents -- Legal Regime of Marine Insurance in Arctic Shipping: Safety and Environmental Implications -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background and Preliminary Observations -- 1.2 Purpose -- 1.3 Structure -- 2 Marine Insurance and Regulation of Arctic Shipping -- 2.1 Evolution and Precepts of Marine Insurance -- 2.2 Regulation of Arctic Shipping -- 2.3 Salient Features of the IMO Polar Code -- 2.4 Principles of Marine Insurance -- 3 Arctic Shipping, Enhanced Risks and Marine Insurance Implications -- 3.1 Marine Insurance in Arctic Shipping: General Issues and Considerations -- 3.2 English Marine Insurance HandM Regime -- 3.2.1 Institute Clauses and International Hull Clauses in HandM Policies -- 3.2.2 Seaworthiness -- 3.3 Nordic Marine Insurance Regime: NMIP Clauses -- 3.4 Third Party Liability in Respect of Environmental Risks and PandI Cover -- 3.4.1 PandI Clubs -- 3.4.2 Indemnification of Pollution Liability. , 4 Environmental Salvage in the Arctic and Its Marine Insurance Implications -- 5 Summary and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Institute Warranties 1976 -- Appendix 2: Clause 32 Navigating Limits of International Hull Clauses 2003 -- Appendix 3: Clause 3-15 Trading Areas of Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013 -- Appendix 4: Clause 3-22 Safety Regulations of Nordic Marine Insurance Plan 2013 -- Appendix 5: Cefor Trading Areas Clause: Clause to Replace Clause 3-15 and Clause 3-22, Sub-Clause 3 of the Nordic Marine Insur... -- References -- Suggested Reading -- Arctic High Seas Governance of Biodiversity -- 1 Introduction to the Governance of the Central Arctic Ocean Under the Law of the Sea -- 2 UNGA Resolution A/69/L.95 -- 3 Implications of the Proposed New Regime for Shipping and Marine Operations in the Central Arctic Ocean -- 3.1 Oslo-Paris Convention (OSPAR) Example -- 3.2 IMO Example -- 3.3 An Example of the Regional Approach -- 4 Implementing an Eco-System Governance Approach for the Central Arctic Ocean -- 4.1 Participation and Transparency -- 4.2 Monitoring and Enforcement -- 4.3 Public-Private Partnerships -- 4.4 Interactions with Sectoral Approaches -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: Canada´s Jurisdiction or International Law in Light of Recent Developments in Arcti... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief Overview of the Northwest Passage -- 2.1 Strategic/Political -- 2.2 Economy -- 2.3 Environment -- 3 The Legal Status of the Northwest Passage: A Dormant Issue or a Resurfaced Dispute? -- 3.1 Internal and Historic Waters -- 3.2 International Law and Qualification for International Straits -- 3.2.1 Geographical Location of the Northwest Passage -- 3.2.2 The Actual Use of the Northwest Passage for International Navigation -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Journal Article -- Book -- Online Document -- Case Law. , Part IV: Protection and Response in the Arctic Marine Environment.