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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-10-07
    Description: Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that humankind depends upon. In this chapter, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: 1. Plant diversity is an important driver of belowground ecosystem functions, such as root growth, soil organic matter (SOM) storage, and microbial metabolism, mainly by influencing the interactions between plant roots and soil. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most mobile form of SOM, plays a crucial role for a multitude of soil processes that are central for ecosystem functioning. Thus, DOM is likely to be an important mediator of plant diversity effects on soil processes. However, the relationships between plant diversity and DOM have not been studied so far. 2. We investigated the mechanisms underlying plant diversity effects on concentrations of DOM using continuous soil water sampling across 6 years and 62 plant communities in a long‐term grassland biodiversity experiment in Jena, Germany. Furthermore, we investigated plant diversity effects on the molecular properties of DOM in a subset of the samples. 3. Although DOM concentrations were highly variable over the course of the year with highest concentrations in summer and autumn, we found that DOM concentrations consistently increased with plant diversity across seasons. The positive plant diversity effect on DOM concentrations was mainly mediated by increased microbial activity and newly sequestered carbon in topsoil. However, the effect of soil microbial activity on DOM concentrations differed between seasons, indicating DOM consumption in winter and spring, and DOM production in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we found increased contents of small and easily decomposable DOM molecules reaching deeper soil layers with high plant diversity. 4. Synthesis. Our findings suggest that plant diversity enhances the continuous downward transport of DOM in multiple ways. On the one hand, higher plant diversity results in higher DOM concentrations, on the other hand, this DOM is less degraded. The present study indicates, for the first time, that higher plant diversity enhances the downward transport of dissolved molecules that likely stimulate soil development in deeper layers and therefore increase soil fertility.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-05-13
    Description: The present study was conducted at the Jena Experiment field site from 2011 to 2015. The 48 experimental plant communities included twelve monocultures (of which one was removed from all analyses because it was planted with the wrong species), twelve 2-species mixtures, twelve 4-species mixtures and twelve 8-species mixtures. We used two community-evolution treatments (plant histories); plants with eight years of co-selection history in different plant communities in the Jena Experiment (communities of co-selected plants) and plants without such co-selection history (naïve communities). Community-level plant productivity was measured each year from 2012 to 2015 by collecting species-specific aboveground biomass twice per year in May and August. There are a total of seven harvests included in this dataset. We harvested plant material 3 cm aboveground from a 50 x 20 cm area in the centre of each half-quadrat, sorted it into species, dried it at 70°C and weighed the dry biomass. We also include a datafile with the stability metrics presented in the paper, such as resistance, recovery, and resilience to the flood, population stability and temporal stability.
    Keywords: asynchrony; co-occurrence history; disturbance; Flood; grassland biodiversity; JenExp; recovery; resistance; selection; The Jena Experiment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 4
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: van Moorsel, Sofia J; Hahl, Terhi; Wagg, Cameron; De Deyn, Gerlinde B; Flynn, Dan F B; Zuppinger-Dingley, Debra; Schmid, Bernhard; Chave, Jerome (2018): Community evolution increases plant productivity at low diversity. Ecology Letters, 21(1), 128-137, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12879
    Publication Date: 2023-05-13
    Description: The present study was conducted at the Jena Experiment field site from 2011 to 2015. The 48 experimental plant communities included twelve monocultures (of which one was removed from all analyses because it was planted with the wrong species), twelve 2-species mixtures, twelve 4-species mixtures and twelve 8-species mixtures. We used two community-evolution treatments (plant histories); plants with eight years of co-selection history in different plant communities in the Jena Experiment (communities of co-selected plants) and plants without such co-selection history (naïve communities). Community-level plant productivity was measured each year from 2012 to 2015 by collecting species-specific aboveground biomass at the time of peak biomass in spring, whereas the traits plant height and SLA were measured once in 2015. We harvested plant material 3 cm aboveground from a 50 x 20 cm area in the centre of each half-quadrat, sorted it into species, dried it at 70°C and weighed the dry biomass. At the end of the experiment, in May 2015, we measured plant height and SLA for 30 species in neutral soil. For each species, we collected up to 20 representative leaves (depending on the leaf size of the species) from four individuals and measured the leaf area by scanning fresh leaves immediately after harvest and determining the mass of the same leaves after drying.
    Keywords: JenExp; The Jena Experiment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-05-13
    Keywords: Block; EXP; Experiment; Experimental plot; Functional group; Height; Height, maximum; History; Jena_Experiment; Jena Experiment; JenExp; Leaf, dry mass; Leaf area; Number of leaves; Replicates; Species; Species richness; Specific leaf area; The Jena Experiment; Thuringia, Germany
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 5903 data points
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-05-13
    Keywords: -; After Bray & Curtis (1957); asynchrony; Biomass; Biomass, recovery; Biomass, resilience; Biomass, resistance; Biomass, standard deviation; Calculated; Calculated = mean/SD; Calculated after Loreau and de Mazancourt (2008); Coefficient of variation; co-occurrence history; disturbance; Duration, number of days; EXP; Experiment; Experimental plot; Factor analysis; Flood; Flooding index; grassland biodiversity; History; Jena_Experiment; Jena Experiment; JenExp; Log (x+1) transformed; Number of harvests; recovery; resistance; selection; Species richness; Species turnover; Sum; Synchrony index; Temporal Stability; The Jena Experiment; Thuringia, Germany
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 8986 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-06-24
    Description: This collection contains measurements of vegetation and soil surface cover measured on the plots of the different sub-experiments at the field site of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. The following series of datasets are contained in this collection: 1. Measurements of vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the species that have been sown into the plots to create the gradient of plant diversity.
    Keywords: JenExp; The Jena Experiment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 10 datasets
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Keywords: Achillea millefolium, biomass as dry weight; Ajuga reptans, biomass as dry weight; Alopecurus pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Anthoxanthum odoratum, biomass as dry weight; Anthriscus sylvestris, biomass as dry weight; Arrhenatherum elatius, biomass as dry weight; Avenula pubescens, biomass as dry weight; Biomass; Block; Bromus erectus, biomass as dry weight; Bromus hordeaceus, biomass as dry weight; Campanula patula, biomass as dry weight; Cardamine pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Crepis biennis, biomass as dry weight; Cynosurus cristatus, biomass as dry weight; Dactylis glomerata, biomass as dry weight; Date; Daucus carota, biomass as dry weight; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Experimental plot; Festuca pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Festuca rubra, biomass as dry weight; Galium mollugo, biomass as dry weight; Geranium pratense, biomass as dry weight; Glechoma hederacea, biomass as dry weight; Grasses; Heracleum sphondylium, biomass as dry weight; Herbs, small; Herbs, tall; History; Holcus lanatus, biomass as dry weight; Jena Experiment 2012; Jena Experiment 2013; Jena Experiment 2014; Jena Experiment 2015; JenExp; JenExp_2012; JenExp_2013; JenExp_2014; JenExp_2015; Knautia arvensis, biomass as dry weight; Lathyrus pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Legumes; Leontodon autumnalis, biomass as dry weight; Leontodon hispidus, biomass as dry weight; Leucanthemum vulgare, biomass as dry weight; Lotus corniculatus, biomass as dry weight; Luzula campestris, biomass as dry weight; Medicago lupulina, biomass as dry weight; Medicago varia, biomass as dry weight; Onobrychis viciifolia, biomass as dry weight; Phleum pratense, biomass as dry weight; Plantago lanceolata, biomass as dry weight; Plantago media, biomass as dry weight; Poa pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Poa trivialis, biomass as dry weight; Primula veris, biomass as dry weight; Prunella vulgaris, biomass as dry weight; Ranunculus acris, biomass as dry weight; Ranunculus repens, biomass as dry weight; Sanguisorba officinalis, biomass as dry weight; Species richness; Taraxacum officinale, biomass as dry weight; The Jena Experiment; Thuringia, Germany; Treatment; Trifolium campestre, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium dubium, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium flavescens, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium fragiferum, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium hybridum, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium pratense, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium repens, biomass as dry weight; Veronica chamaedrys, biomass as dry weight; Vicia cracca, biomass as dry weight
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 23482 data points
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Keywords: Achillea millefolium, biomass as dry weight; Ajuga reptans, biomass as dry weight; Alopecurus pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Anthoxanthum odoratum, biomass as dry weight; Anthriscus sylvatica, biomass as dry weight; Arrhenatherum elatius, biomass as dry weight; asynchrony; Avenula pubescens, biomass as dry weight; Biomass; Block; Bromus erectus, biomass as dry weight; Bromus hordeaceus, biomass as dry weight; Campanula patula, biomass as dry weight; Cardamine pratensis, biomass as dry weight; co-occurrence history; Crepis biennis, biomass as dry weight; Cynosurus cristatus, biomass as dry weight; Dactylis glomerata, biomass as dry weight; Date; Daucus carota, biomass as dry weight; disturbance; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Experimental plot; Festuca pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Festuca rubra, biomass as dry weight; Flood; Galium mollugo, biomass as dry weight; Geranium pratense, biomass as dry weight; Glechoma hederacea, biomass as dry weight; Grasses; grassland biodiversity; Heracleum sphondylium, biomass as dry weight; Herbs, small; Herbs, tall; History; Holcus lanatus, biomass as dry weight; Jena Experiment 2012; Jena Experiment 2013; Jena Experiment 2014; Jena Experiment 2015; JenExp; JenExp_2012; JenExp_2013; JenExp_2014; JenExp_2015; Knautia arvensis, biomass as dry weight; Lathyrus pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Legumes; Leontodon autumnalis, biomass as dry weight; Leontodon hispidus, biomass as dry weight; Leucanthemum vulgare, biomass as dry weight; Lotus corniculatus, biomass as dry weight; Luzula campestris, biomass as dry weight; Medicago lupulina, biomass as dry weight; Medicago x varia, biomass as dry weight; Onobrychis viciifolia, biomass as dry weight; Phleum pratense, biomass as dry weight; Plantago lanceolata, biomass as dry weight; Plantago media, biomass as dry weight; Poa pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Poa trivialis, biomass as dry weight; Primula veris, biomass as dry weight; Prunella vulgaris, biomass as dry weight; Ranunculus acris, biomass as dry weight; Ranunculus repens, biomass as dry weight; recovery; resistance; Sanguisorba officinalis, biomass as dry weight; Season; selection; Species richness; Taraxacum officinale, biomass as dry weight; The Jena Experiment; Thuringia, Germany; Treatment; Trifolium campestre, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium dubium, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium fragiferum, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium hybridum, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium pratense, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium repens, biomass as dry weight; Trisetum flavescens, biomass as dry weight; Veronica chamaedrys, biomass as dry weight; Vicia cracca, biomass as dry weight
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 43918 data points
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-09-28
    Description: This data set contains aboveground community plant biomass (Sown plant community, Weed plant community, Dead plant material, and Unidentified plant material; all measured in biomass as dry weight) and species-specific biomass from the sown species of the dominance experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the dominance experiment, 206 grassland plots of 3.5 x 3.5 m were established from a pool of 9 plant species that can be dominant in semi-natural grassland communities of the study region. In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 species). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Plot size was reduced to 1.0 x 1.0 m in 2009. Aboveground community biomass was harvested twice in May and September 2013 on all experimental plots of the dominance experiment. This was done by clipping the vegetation at 3 cm above ground in one rectangle of 0.2 x 0.5 m in the center of each experimental plot. The harvested biomass was sorted into categories: individual species for the sown plant species, weed plant species (species not sown at the particular plot), detached dead plant material, and remaining plant material that could not be assigned to any category. All biomass was dried to constant weight (70°C, 〉= 48 h) and weighed. Sown plant community biomass was calculated as the sum of the biomass of the individual sown species. Overall, analyses of the community biomass data have identified species richness and the presence of particular species as an important driver of a positive biodiversity-productivity relationship.
    Keywords: Alopecurus pratensis, biomass as dry weight; Anthriscus sylvestris, biomass as dry weight; Arrhenatherum elatius, biomass as dry weight; Dactylis glomerata, biomass as dry weight; Date/time end; Date/time start; Dead plant material, biomass as dry weight; Dried biomass sample; EXP; Experiment; Experimental plot; Geranium pratense, biomass as dry weight; HEIGHT above ground; Height aboveground, maximum; Height aboveground, minimum; Jena Experiment 2013; JenExp; JenExp_2013; Phleum pratense, biomass as dry weight; Poa trivialis, biomass as dry weight; Sown plant community, biomass as dry weight; The Jena Experiment; Thuringia, Germany; Trifolium pratense, biomass as dry weight; Trifolium repens, biomass as dry weight; Unidentified plant material, biomass as dry weight; Weeds plant community, biomass as dry weight
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4678 data points
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