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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Sensors Sensitivity on Lithium-Ion Battery Modeled Parameters and State of Charge: A Comparative Study
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Electronics Vol. 8, No. 6 ( 2019-06-22), p. 709-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 6 ( 2019-06-22), p. 709-
    Abstract: The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) is usually acknowledged as one of the essential features in designing of battery management system (BMS) for the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs). A suitable battery model is a prerequisite for correct SOC measurement. In this work, the first and second order RC autoregressive exogenous (ARX) battery models are adopted to check the influence of voltage and current transducer measurement uncertainty. The Lagrange multiplier method is used to estimate the battery parameters. The sensitivity analysis is performed under the following conditions: Current sensor precision of ±5 mA, ±50 mA, ±100 mA, and ±500 mA and voltage sensor precision of ±1 mV, ±2.5 mV, ±5 mV, and ±10mV. The comparative analysis of both models under the perturbed environment has been carried out. The effects of the sensor’s sensitivity on the different battery structures and complexity are also analyzed. Results shows that the voltage and current sensor sensitivity has a significant influence on SOC estimation. This research outcome assists the researcher in selecting the optimal value of sensor accuracy to accurately estimate the SOC of the LIB.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics8060709
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Semiactive Hybrid Energy Management System: A Solution for Electric Wheelchairs
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Electronics Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2019-03-21), p. 345-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2019-03-21), p. 345-
    Abstract: Many disabled people use electric wheelchairs (EWs) in their daily lives. EWs take a considerable amount of time to charge and are less efficient in high-power-demand situations. This paper addresses these two problems using a semiactive hybrid energy storage system (SA-HESS) with a smart energy management system (SEMS). The SA-HESS contained a lithium-ion battery (LIB) and supercapacitor (SC) connected to a DC bus via a bidirectional DC–DC converter. The first task of the proposed SEMS was to charge the SA-HESS rapidly using a fuzzy-logic-controlled charging system. The second task was to reduce the stress of the LIB. The proposed SEMS divided the discharging operation into starting-, normal-, medium-, and high-power currents. The LIB was used in normal conditions, while the SC was mostly utilized during medium-power conditions, such as starting and uphill climbing of the EW. The conjunction of LIB and SC was employed to meet the high-power demand for smooth and reliable operation. A prototype was designed to validate the proposed methodology, and a comparison of the passive hybrid energy management system (P-HESS) and SA-HESS was performed under different driving tracks and loading conditions. The experimental results showed that the proposed system required less charging time and effectively utilized the power of the SC compared with P-HESS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics8030345
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Real-Time Bi-Adaptive Controller-Based Energy Management System for Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Energies Vol. 12, No. 24 ( 2019-12-08), p. 4662-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 24 ( 2019-12-08), p. 4662-
    Abstract: The energy storage system (ESS) is the main issue in traction applications, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). To alleviate the shortage of power density in BEVs, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can be used as an alternative ESS. HESS has the dynamic features of the battery and a supercapacitor (SC), and it requires an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to operate it effectively. In this study, a real-time EMS is proposed, which is comprised of a fuzzy logic controller-based low-pass filter and an adaptive proportional integrator-based charge controller. The proposed EMS intelligently distributes the required power from the battery and SC during acceleration. It allocates the braking energy to the SC on the basis of the state of charge. A simulation study was conducted for three standard drive cycles (New York City cycle, Artemis urban cycle, and New York composite cycle) using MATLAB Simulink. Comparative analysis of conventional and proposed EMSs was carried out. The results reveal that the proposed EMS reduced the stress, temperature, and power losses of the battery. The steady-state charging performance of the SC was 98%, 95%, and 96% for the mentioned drive cycles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en12244662
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Energies Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2019-01-30), p. 446-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2019-01-30), p. 446-
    Abstract: Energy storage system (ESS) technology is still the logjam for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the EV industry owing to their high energy density, lifespan, nominal voltage, power density, and cost. In EVs, a smart battery management system (BMS) is one of the essential components; it not only measures the states of battery accurately, but also ensures safe operation and prolongs the battery life. The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery is a very challenging task because the Li-ion battery is a highly time variant, non-linear, and complex electrochemical system. This paper explains the workings of a Li-ion battery, provides the main features of a smart BMS, and comprehensively reviews its SOC estimation methods. These SOC estimation methods have been classified into four main categories depending on their nature. A critical explanation, including their merits, limitations, and their estimation errors from other studies, is provided. Some recommendations depending on the development of technology are suggested to improve the online estimation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en12030446
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Supplemental Information 1: The raw data of all the measured parameters in this study from 2017 to 2018.
    PeerJ ; 2019
    In:  PeerJ Vol. 7 ( 2019-07-23), p. e7262-
    Details
    In: PeerJ, PeerJ, Vol. 7 ( 2019-07-23), p. e7262-
    Abstract: Maize-soybean relay-intercropping (MS R ) is a famous system of crop production in developing countries. However, maize shading under this system directly affects the light quality and intensity of soybean canopy. This is a challenging scenario in which to implement the MS R system, in terms of varieties selection, planting pattern, and crop management since the duration of crop resource utilization clearly differs. Methods Therefore, this experiment aimed to elucidate the effect of leaf excising treatments from maize top to fully clarify the needs and balance of light quality and intensity of intercrop-soybean under MS R in field conditions. The effects of different leaf excising treatments (T0, no removal of leaves; T2, removal of two topmost leaves; T4, removal of four topmost leaves; T6, removal of six topmost leaves from maize plants were applied at first-trifoliate stage (V 1 ) of soybean) on photosynthetically active radiation transmittance (PAR T ), red to far-red ratio (R:FR), morphological and photosynthetic characteristics and total biomass production at second-trifoliate stage (V 2 ), fifth-trifoliate stage (V 5 ), and flowering-stage (R 1 ) of soybean were investigated through field experiments for 2-years under MS R . Results As compared to T0, treatment T6 increased the PAR T and R:FR ratio at soybean canopy by 77% and 37% (V 2 ), 70% and 34% (V 5 ), and 41% and 36% (R 1 ), respectively. This improved light environment in T6 considerably enhanced the leaf area index, SPAD values and photosynthetic rate of soybean plants by 66%, 25% and 49% at R 1 , respectively than T0. Similarly, relative to control, T6 also increased the stem diameter (by 29%) but decreased the plant height (by 23%) which in turn significantly increased stem breaking strength (by 87%) by reducing the lodging rate (by 59%) of soybean plants. Overall, under T6, relay-cropped soybean produced 78% of sole soybean seed-yield, and relay-cropped maize produced 81% of sole maize seed-yield. Our findings implied that by maintaining the optimum level of PAR T (from 60% to 80%) and R:FR ratio (0.9 to 1.1), we can improve morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean plants in MS R . Therefore, more attention should be paid to the light environment when considering the sustainability of MS R via appropriate planting pattern selection.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2167-8359
    URL: Article
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    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-1
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-2
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-3
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-4
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-5
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-6
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-7
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/fig-8
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/table-1
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/table-2
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/table-3
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/table-4
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/table-5
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/table-6
    DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7262/supp-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: PeerJ
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2703241-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Optimized Methodology for a Hybrid Photo-Voltaic and Energy Storage System Connected to a Low-Voltage Grid
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Electronics Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2019-02-02), p. 176-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( 2019-02-02), p. 176-
    Abstract: The growing human population and the increasing energy needs have produced a serious energy crisis, which has stimulated researchers to look for alternative energy sources. The diffusion of small-scale renewable distributed generations (DG) with micro-grids can be a promising solution to meet the environmental obligations. The uncertainty and sporadic nature of renewable energy sources (RES) is the main obstacle to their use as autonomous energy sources. In order to overcome this, a storage system is required. This paper proposes an optimized strategy for a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system (BSS) connected to a low-voltage grid. In this study, a cost function is formulated to minimize the net cost of electricity purchased from the grid. The charging and discharging of the battery are operated optimally to minimize the defined cost function. Half-hourly electricity consumer load data and solar irradiance data collected from the United Kingdom (UK) for a whole year are utilized in the proposed methodology. Five cases are discussed for a comparative cost analysis of the electricity imported and exported. The proposed scheme provides a techno-economic analysis of the combination of a BSS with a low-voltage grid, benefitting from the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics8020176
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Drought stress in plants: An overview on implications, tolerance mechanisms and agronomic mitigation strategies
    Horizon E-Publishing Group ; 2019
    In:  Plant Science Today Vol. 6, No. 4 ( 2019-10-01), p. 389-402
    Details
    In: Plant Science Today, Horizon E-Publishing Group, Vol. 6, No. 4 ( 2019-10-01), p. 389-402
    Abstract: Drought is considered as one of the major limiting factors affecting growth and productivity of crop plants. It severely affects the morphological and physiological activities of the plants and hampers the seed germination, root proliferation, biomass accumulation and final yield of field crops. Drought stress disrupts the biosynthesis of chlorophyll contents, carotene and decreases photosynthesis in plants. It gradually reduces CO2 assimilation rates owing to decrease in stomatal conductance. In addition, drought affects cell membrane stability and disrupts water relations of a plant by reducing water use efficiency. To cope with these situations, plants adopt different mechanisms such as drought tolerance, avoidance and escape. In this review, we discussed about the effects of drought on morphological and physiological characteristics of plants and suggested the different agronomic practices to overcome the deleterious effects of drought stress.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2348-1900
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.14719/pst.2019.6.4
    DOI: 10.14719/pst.2019.6.4.578
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Horizon E-Publishing Group
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Prevention of Autogenous Shrinkage in High-Strength Mortars with Saturated Tea Waste Particles
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Materials Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2019-08-21), p. 2654-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 17 ( 2019-08-21), p. 2654-
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to prevent early age autogenous shrinkage in high-strength mortars with saturated tea waste particles. In general, high strength and high performance concretes are made with low water/binder ratios; hence, they are susceptible to shrink at early ages. This shrinkage occurs due to self-desiccation that leads to autogenous shrinkage. To overcome self-desiccation problems in high-strength cement composites, it is necessary to keep the composites moist for a long time. Pre-saturated porous lightweight aggregates and super absorbent polymers are the most commonly used materials in high-strength cement composites to keep them moist for a long time; however, in this study, porous tea waste particles were used to keep the cement mortars moist. Pre-saturated tea waste particles were used in two different size proportions, making up as much as 3% of the volume of the binder. Moreover, commonly used lightweight aggregate (perlite) was also used to compare the outcomes of specimens made with tea waste particles. Different parameters were observed, such as, flow of fresh mortars, autogenous shrinkage, mechanical strengths and microstructure of specimens. The addition of tea waste and perlite particles in mortars made with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as the only binder, showed a reduction in flow, autogenous shrinkage and mechanical strengths, as compared to mixes made with partial addition of silica fume. Although, the use of silica fume improved the mechanical strength of specimens. Moreover, the use of saturated tea waste and perlite particles also improved the microstructure of specimens at an age of 28 days. The results revealed that the saturated tea waste particles have the ability to prevent autogenous shrinkage but they reduce strength of high-strength mortars at early ages.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma12172654
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Influence of Coarse Aggregates and Silica Fume on the Mechanical Properties, Durability, and Microstructure of Concrete
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Materials Vol. 12, No. 20 ( 2019-10-12), p. 3324-
    Details
    In: Materials, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 20 ( 2019-10-12), p. 3324-
    Abstract: Globally, concrete is the most widely used construction material. The composition of concrete plays an important role in controlling its overall performance. Concrete is composed of approximately 70%–80% aggregates, by volume. Therefore, it is mandatory to investigate the effect of aggregates on the performance of concrete. For this purpose, this study investigated the effect of three different coarse aggregates on the mechanical properties, durability, and microstructure of concrete. Concrete specimens were made using aggregates obtained from three regions with different mineralogies. The specimens were also made by replacing cement with silica fume. The specimens were analyzed in terms of compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths, chloride penetration, carbonation, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the specimens made with rougher coarse aggregates and silica fume had enhanced performance in comparison to those made with smoother aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1944
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ma12203324
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2487261-1
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Cadmium and Lead Hazardous Impact Assessment of Pond Fish Species
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2019
    In:  Biological Trace Element Research Vol. 191, No. 2 ( 2019-10), p. 502-511
    Details
    In: Biological Trace Element Research, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 191, No. 2 ( 2019-10), p. 502-511
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0163-4984 , 1559-0720
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1628-z
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2072581-4
    SSG: 12
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