Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of: Copper, Silver and Gold -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Copper -- 1. History -- 2. Occurrence and Metallurgy of Copper -- 3. The Element -- 4. The Chemistry of Copper -- 5. Copper(0) Compounds and Compounds Containing Copper-Metal Bonds -- 6. Copper(I) Compounds -- 7. Copper(II) Compounds -- 8. Copper(III) Compounds -- 9. Analysis of Copper -- Chapter 2. Silver -- Introduction -- 1. The Element -- 2. Compounds of the Element -- 3. Analysis of Silver -- Chapter 3. Gold -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Element -- 3. The Chemistry of Gold -- 4. Alloys -- 5. Hydrides -- 6. Halides -- 7. Cyanides -- 8. Oxides -- 9. Hydroxides and Oxyacids -- 10. Sulphides, Selenides and Tellurides -- 11. Nitrides, Azides, Phosphides and Arsenides -- 12. Nitrates -- 13. Thiosulphates, Selenates, Selenites, Thiocyanates and Selenocyanates -- 14. Organometallic Chemistry -- 15. Complexes -- 16. Analytical Chemistry -- Index -- Contents of Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry -- Independent Opinion.

Note: Cover -- Conjugated Polymers: Properties, Processing, and Applications -- Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1 Conjugated Polymer-Based OFET Devices -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 State of OFET Technology/Applications/Commercialization Efforts -- 1.3 Recent Developments in Polymer OFET Materials - From Crystalline Polythiophenes to Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 1.4 Charge Transport in Polymer OFETs -- 1.5 Role of Disorder -- 1.6 Charge Carrier Mobility and Artefacts -- 1.7 Stability of OFETs -- 1.8 Outlook -- References -- 2 Electrical Doping of Organic Semiconductors with Molecular Oxidants and Reductants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basics of Doping in Organic Materials -- Comparison to Doping of Inorganic Materials -- Effects of Doping -- 2.3 Criteria for Dopant Choice -- 2.4 Survey of Dopants -- p-Dopants -- n-Dopants -- 2.5 Device Examples -- OLEDs -- OFETs -- OPVs -- 2.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemistry of PEDOT -- Chemical vs. Electrochemical Polymerization of PEDOT:X -- Chemical Water Dispersion: PEDOT:PSS -- PEDOT:Biopolymer Dispersion Polymerization -- Tuning the Oxidation/Doping Level Chemically vs. Electrochemically -- 3.3 Electronic Structure of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- Nature of Charge Carriers and Electronic Structure of PEDOT Chains -- Density of States of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- Band Gap and Optical Transitions in PEDOT -- 3.4 Morphology of PEDOT -- Brief Review of Experimental Data for PEDOT:X and PEDOT:PSS (GIWAXS, TEM, AFM) -- Morphology of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.5 Electrical Conductivity -- Basic Thermodynamics of Thermoelectrical Processes -- Temperature Dependence. , Secondary Doping -- Acid-Base Effect -- 3.6 Optical Conductivity -- Basic Definitions and Relations -- Methodologies for Measuring the Dielectric Function -- Optical Conductivity and Permittivity of PEDOT -- Concluding Remarks on PEDOT Optical Conductivity -- 3.7 Transport Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- Basics of the Hopping Transport: Semi-Analytical Approach and Kinetic Monte Carlo -- Boltzmann Approach to Conductivity Based on the Model of an Ideal Crystal -- Multi-Scale Modelling Based on the Realistic Morphology -- 3.8 Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT -- Devices Utilizing Mixed Electron and Ion Conductivity -- Experimental Results -- Modelling of Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT -- Calculation of Ion Diffusion in PEDOT -- 3.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Models of Thermoelectric Properties -- 4.3 Microstructure of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4 Thermoelectric Power Factor of Semiconducting Polymers -- Introduction -- Polyacetylene -- Polyaniline -- Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) -- Poly(3-hexylthiophene) -- Poly( 2,5-bis(3- alkylthiophen-2 -yl) thieno [3,2- b]thiophene) -- Co-Polymers -- n-Type Polymers -- 4.5 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers -- Introduction -- Thermal Conductivity of Undoped Semiconducting Polymers -- Electronic Contribution to Thermal Conductivity -- 4.6 ZT for Polymers -- 4.7 Outlook -- References -- 5 Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers -- Introduction -- 5.1 Fundamentals -- Electropolymerization: Mechanism, Techniques, Synthesis Control -- Electrochemical Doping: Charge Carriers, Redox vs. Capacitive Behavior and Related Properties -- Relaxation Effects -- Electrochemical Characterization of an ECP in a Given Electrolytic Medium -- Determination of HOMO-LUMO Levels by Cyclic Voltammetry. , 5.2 New Trends in Electrosynthesis of Conducting Polymers -- New Monomers -- New Electrolytic Media -- 5.3 Nano-Objects and Nanocomposites -- Nano-Objects -- Nanocomposites -- 5.4 Applications -- Energy Storage -- Actuators and Drug Delivery -- Molecular Imprinting ECP -- Biosensors and Related Materials -- Anticorrosion -- Electrochromism and Electrofluorochromism -- Conclusion and Future -- References -- 6 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers - Strategies for Complete and Straightforward Color Control -- 6.1 Introduction to Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.2 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3 The Electrochromic Toolbox -- Electrochromic/Optical Contrast -- Colorimetric Analysis -- Switching Speed/Response Time -- Coloration Efficiency/Charge-to-Switch -- Optical Memory/Bistability -- Switching Stability -- 6.4 Synthesis of Soluble Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5 Developing Structure- Property Relationships for Color Control in Cathodically Coloring ECPs -- Effect of the Choice of Heterocycle, the Building Block of ECPs -- Steric Effects of Introducing Functional Groups -- Expanding the Color Palette through Copolymerization -- Developing Broadly Absorbing Systems for Black and Brown Hues -- 6.6 Anodically Coloring Systems -- 6.7 Controlling Solubility, Contrast, and Redox Properties -- Tuning Solubility -- Tuning Contrast -- Tuning Redox and Switching Properties -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments and Notes -- References -- 7 Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.1 Introduction and Background -- Semiconducting Polymers as a Subset of All Solid Polymers -- 7.2 Deformation in Solid Polymers -- Mediation of Mechanical Energy -- Elasticity and Plasticity -- Fracture -- 7.3 Mechanical Properties and Measurement Techniques -- Overview of Mechanical Properties -- Common Measurement Techniques -- 7.4 Effects of Physical Parameters. , Effects of Elastic Mismatch and Adhesion -- Effects of Film Thickness -- Effects of Strain Rate -- 7.5 Effects of Molecular Structure and Microstructure -- Role of Molecular Weight -- Role of Alkyl Side Chains -- Role of Molecular Structure and Backbone Rigidity -- Role of Intermolecular Packing -- 7.6 Glass Transition Temperature and Measurement Techniques -- The Glass Transition in Semiconducting Polymers -- Techniques to Measure the T[sub(g)] of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.7 Theoretical Modeling -- Molecular Structure and Atomistic Simulations -- Polymer-Chain Size and Phase Behavior -- Coarse-Grained Simulations and Continuum-Based Methods -- 7.8 Composite Systems -- Effects of Molecular Mixing -- Polymer-Fullerene Composites -- 7.9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8 Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors -- Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Review of Various Mechanisms -- The Hyperfine Mechanism -- Mechanisms Related to Triplet Excitons -- The Δg Mechanism -- Thermal Spin Polarization -- Magnetic Field Effect in Excited-State Spectroscopies of Films -- Steady State -- Time Resolved Magnetic Field Effects -- 8.3 Experimental Studies -- Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Devices at Low Fields -- Magneto-Photo-Induced Absorption in Films -- High Field Magneto-Photocurrent in Organic Bulk Hetero-Junction Photo-Voltaic Cells -- Transient Magneto-Photoinduced Absorption in Donor-Acceptor Copolymers -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Organic Electro-Optic Materials -- 9.1 Historical Overview -- 9.2 Introduction to Electro-Optic (EO) Activity -- 9.3 Pre-2005 Polymeric OEO Materials and Devices -- 9.4 Post-2005 Macromolecular OEO Materials and Devices -- 9.5 Applications -- 9.6 Other Organic Materials for Optical Modulation -- 9.7 Future Prognosis -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 10 Establishing the Thermal Phase Behavior and its Influence on Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Single-Component Systems -- Crystallization and Melting -- Glass Transition -- Polymorphism -- Liquid Crystallinity -- 10.3 Multi-Component Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Solvent Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Small Molecule Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Polymer Systems -- 10.4 Time/Temperature/Transformation Phase Diagrams -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Poly(3-alkylthiophenes): Controlled Manipulation of Microstructure and its Impact on Charge Transport -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 P3AT Structural Characterization -- Small Angle Neutron Scattering -- UV-Vis Absorbance -- Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- X-Ray Scattering -- Atomic Force Microscopy -- Charge Carrier Mobility -- Concluding Remarks -- 11.3 Advances in Solution Processing Methods -- 11.4 Deposition Methods -- Spin-Coating -- Drop-Casting -- Inkjet Printing -- Dip-Coating -- Solution Shearing -- 11.5 Semiconductor Crystalline Structure in Flexible and Stretchable Devices -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Microstructural Characterization of Conjugated Organic Semiconductors by X-Ray Scattering -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Scattering -- Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) -- Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) -- 12.3 Applications in Conjugated Semiconductors (Selected Examples) -- Crystal Structure and Molecular Packing of Small-Molecules for Organic Thin-Film Transistor (OTFT) -- Estimation of Volume Fraction of Phases in Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Photovoltaics -- Probing the Surface and the Bulk of Small-Molecule Thin Films -- Microstructural Evolution for P3HT:PCBM During Spin-Coating from One Solvent -- In Situ GISAXS for Probing Phase-Separation Evolution using Multiphase Modeling Based onTSI. , Co-Solvent Processing for Reducing Domains Over-Coarsening by Influencing the Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Photographs -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction, by Jeremy M. Johnston -- Part I. The Cubhood of Wahb -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Part II. The Days of His Strength -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Part III. The Waning -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 -- Annotations to Wahb -- Afterword, by Charles R. Preston -- Bibliography.

Note: Intro -- Halftitle -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1. Some Fundamentals of Infrared Spectroscopy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Energy of EIectromagnetic Radiation -- 1.3 Information That May Be Obtained from the Analysis of Infrared Spectra -- 1.4 Comparison Techniques -- 1.5 Fundamental Vibrations -- 1.5.1 StretchingVibrations -- 1.5.2 Bending Vibrations -- 1.6 Non‐Fundamental Vibrations -- 1.7 Predicting the Number of Fundamental Vibrations -- 1.8 The Force Constant -- 1.9 Some Theoretical Concepts -- 1.10 Basic Sample Preparation -- 1.10.1 Gaseous Samples -- 1.10.2 Non‐Volatile Liquids -- 1.10.3 Volatile Liquids -- 1.10.4 Solid Samples -- 1.11 Other Sampling Techniques -- 1.12 Some Suggestions and Comments on the Interpretation of Infrared Spectra -- 2. The Analysis of Infrared Spectra -- 2.1 Hydrocarbons (Straight Chain) -- 2.2 Hydrocarbons (Branched Chain) -- 2.3 Hydrocarbons (Cyclic) -- 2.4 Alkenes -- 2.5 Alkynes -- 2.6 Ethers (Alkyl-Alkyl) -- 2.7 Ethers (Aryl-Alkyl) -- 2.8 Aliphatic Halides -- 2.9 Amines -- 2.10 Ketones and Aldehydes -- 2.11 Alcohols -- 2.12 Organic Acids -- 2.13 Acid Halides -- 2.14 Amides -- 2.15 Esters -- 2.16 Lactones -- 2.17 Anhydrides -- 2.18 Nitriles -- 2.19 Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 2.20 Salts of Carboxylic Acid -- 2.21 The Effects of Chelation on the Carbonyl Absorption -- 2.22 Phosphines, Phosphites, Phosphonates and Phosphates -- 2.23 Thioalcohols and Thiophenols -- 2.24 Silanes -- 2.25 Boranes -- 2.26 Sulfones, Sulfates, Sulfonic Acids (and Their Salts), Sulfites and Sulfoxides -- 2.26.1 Sulfones -- 2.26.2 Sulfates -- 2.26.3 Sulfonic Acids (and Their Salts) -- 2.26.4 Sulfites -- 2.26.5 Sulfoxides -- 3. Techniques, Innovations, and Applications in Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.1 Advances in Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). , 3.3 The Michelson Interferometer -- 3.4 The FTIR Microscope and Microsampling Techniques -- 3.5 Reflective Spectra -- 3.6 Specular or External Reflectance -- 3.7 Grazing Incidence Reflectance -- 3.8 Reflective-Absorption Spectra -- 3.9 Diffuse-Reflectance Spectra -- 3.10 Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) -- 3.11 Theory of the ATR Cell -- 3.12 Quantitative Infrared Analysis -- 3.13 Combined Thermogravimetric Analysis and FTIR (TG/FTIR) -- 3.14 The TG/FTIR Interface -- 3.15 GC/MS, GC/FTIR and GC/MS/FTIR -- 3.16 The GC/MS and GC/FTIR Interfaces -- 4. Problems in Infrared Spectroscopy -- Suggested Readings and References -- Appendix -- A.1 Infrared Group Frequencies (cm 1) -- A.1.1 Infrared Solvents -- A.1.2 Bands Related to Sample Preparation -- A.2 General Infrared Assignments -- A.3 Carbonyl Absorptions -- A.3.1 Ketones (All Strong Absorptions) -- A.3.2 α, β-Unsaturated, Cyclic Ketones (cm 1) -- A.3.3 Aldehydes (All Strong Absorptions) -- A.3.4 Carboxylic Acids (All Strong Absorptions) (cm 1) -- A.3.5 Amides -- A.3.5.1 Carbonyl Vibrations (Amide I Band, All Strong) (cm−1) -- A.3.5.2 N-H Stretching Vibration (All Medium) -- A.3.6 N-H Deformation (Amide II Band, All Strong) -- A.3.7 Esters Carbonyl (All Strong) -- A.3.8 Anhydride Carbonyl (All Strong) -- A.3.9 Hydrocarbon Chromophore -- A.3.10 Substitution Patterns on Aromatic Ring (cm 1) -- A.3.11 C-C Multiple Bond Stretching (cm1) -- A.3.12 Acetylenic Types -- A.3.13 Aromatic Skeletal-in-Plane Vibrations -- A.4 Miscellaneous Compounds (Proximate Bands) -- A.4.1 Alcohol and Phenols (Stretching) (cm 1) -- A.4.2 Amines, N-H Stretching -- A.4.3 Unsaturated Nitrogen Compounds -- A.4.3.1 Nitriles, -C N stretching -- A.4.3.2 C=N-Stretching (cm 1) -- A.4.3.3 Nitro Compounds -- A.4.3.4 Nitroso Compounds -- A.4.3.5 Halogen Compounds C-X Stretching -- A.4.3.6 Sulfur Compounds. , A.5 Characteristic Overtone Patterns for Substitutions on Benzene -- A.6 List of Infrared Symbols and Abbreviations -- A.7 The Infrared Spectra of Some Common Chemicals Found in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Food industry current status -- Introduction -- Molecular methods currently used -- PCR -- Real-time PCR -- Digital droplet PCR -- Isothermal techniques -- Sequencing -- Microarrays -- Restriction enzyme-based methods -- Ribotyping -- Laboratory automation in molecular methods -- Challenges -- Sample preparation -- Limit of detection -- Live versus dead/infectious versus noninfectious -- Interpretation of results (PCR+/culture−) -- Acceptance of use by the food industry -- Compliance with current legal requirements -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 - Future directions for molecular microbial diagnostic methods for the food industry -- Introduction -- Evolution of food microbiology diagnostics: from petri dishes to PCR -- Why introduce an alternative molecular diagnostic method? -- Time to final result -- Discrimination capacity -- Absence of reference or adequate methods -- Characteristics of an ideal food molecular method -- Past and current challenges -- Past challenges -- Assessment of the results and use of controls -- Preamplification treatment of the food samples -- Capacity for quantification -- Determination of viable forms of bacterial pathogens or infectious viral particles -- Current challenges -- Simultaneous detection of several foodborne pathogens -- Harmonization in the design and development of a novel methodology, and standardization -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 - Current status of molecular microbiological techniques for the analysis of drinking water -- Introduction and overview -- The current state of play -- The influence of standard and reference methods -- Molecular techniques for testing potable water quality -- Nucleic acid amplification based methods -- Basic principles -- Fecal indicator bacteria. , Legionella -- Cyanobacteria -- Viruses -- Protozoan parasites -- Cytometry methods -- Basic principles -- Total and viable cell counts - a replacement for colony counts? -- Cell sorting -- Other molecular techniques -- Fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Biosensors -- Immunological methods -- Microarrays -- Application of molecular techniques to wastewater -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 - What is now required for water? -- Introduction and overview -- Indicator organisms -- Pathogens in drinking water -- Protozoa -- Bacterial enteric pathogens -- Bacterial respiratory pathogens -- Viruses -- Total heterotrophic bacteria -- Feasibility of the use of routine rapid water molecular methods -- Future predictions -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 - CEN/ISO standards for both culture and molecular methods -- Introduction -- Standards, standardization bodies, and structures in the microbiology of the food chain -- Definition of the term "standard" -- Standardization bodies at international and European levels -- ISO -- CEN -- Standardization structures in microbiology of the food chain -- Standards developed in the microbiology of the food chain -- Standard reference methods -- Presentation -- Standards on general aspects -- Current development of new standards -- Status of novel technologies -- Chromogenic media -- Molecular biology techniques -- Structure -- Principles -- Use of hybridization for microbiology of the food chain -- Use of PCR methods for microbiology of the food chain -- Current developments of standards using molecular biology -- PCR, qPCR, RT-qPCR for qualitative and quantitative methods -- Molecular typing methods -- DNA biochip -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 - Laboratory validation, verification, and accreditation of molecular methods -- Alternative methods -- Foundations of an accredited laboratory. , Expertise: staff qualifications and experience -- Facilities -- Equipment -- Suppliers -- Quality systems -- Local quality system -- Personnel and training -- Equipment -- Reporting of results -- Opinions and interpretations -- Method quality -- Quality controls -- Reagents/consumable quality control -- Consistent results interpretation -- Sampling -- Cornerstones of accreditation -- Validation -- Qualitative methods -- Quantitative methods -- Verification -- User requirement specification and choosing a kit supplier -- Trialing a kit -- The verification plan -- Validation parameters -- Performing verification -- Analyzing results -- Writing the verification report/results summary -- Reference standards/reference material -- Proficiency testing -- Requirements for molecular method proficiency testing -- Proficiency test providers -- Maintaining accreditation -- Improvement -- Re-verification of the method -- Internal auditing -- Following documented procedures -- Customer education -- Performance characteristics -- Sampling requirements -- Results interpretation -- Turnaround time -- Accreditations -- Health and safety -- References -- Chapter 7 - DNA extraction: finding the most suitable method -- Boiling method -- Column extraction -- Magnetic beads -- FTA™ cards -- RNA extraction methods -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Assessing organism viability and interpreting genomic unit versus colony forming unit data for water and food borne... -- Introduction -- Polymerase chain reaction -- Assessing microbial viability -- Dead or alive? -- Viable but nonculturable cells (VBNC) -- The importance of detecting VBNC in food and water samples -- Overcoming the viability hurdle -- Pre-PCR enrichment -- Photoactivatable chemical compounds -- Differential stains -- Immuno-capture PCR techniques -- Reverse-transcription PCR methods. , When to use viability discrimination -- Standardization and quality assurance -- Method validation/verification and interpretation of results -- Proficiency testing -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 - MALDI-TOF MS: a rapid microbiological confirmation technique for food and water analysis -- Introduction and overview -- History and basis of MALDI-TOF MS and microbiology -- MALDI-TOF MS for quick and reliable food and water analysis -- MALDI-TOF MS and food quality control -- Utilization in breweries and the beverage industry -- Utilization for monitoring water in buildings -- Utilization for monitoring other waters -- Current confirmation methods and advantages of MALDI-TOF MS -- Overview of current confirmation methods -- Conclusions -- MALDI-TOF MS Listeria speciation validation -- Introduction -- Validation project outline -- Phase 1 -- Overview -- Which of the three selected extraction/plating methods yields the best, most reliable, and easily obtainable results and wh... -- Is MALDI-TOF MS Listeria speciation equal to or better than the traditional confirmation methods and does MALDI-TOF MS corr... -- Phase 2 -- Overview -- Do different media types affect the quality and accuracy of results? -- Do different matrices affect the quality and accuracy of results? -- Do different recovery methods affect the quality and accuracy of results? -- Target plate shelf-life trial -- Phase 3 -- Overview -- Do all the variables considered in the previous phases, when put together, act synergistically in disrupting MALDI-TOF MS c... -- Discussion on the mismatches -- Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 10 - highlights, future requirements, and conclusions -- Chapter highlights -- Chapter 1 - Food industry current status -- Chapter 2 - Future directions for molecular microbial diagnostic methods for the food industry. , Chapter 3 - Current status of molecular microbiological techniques for the analysis of drinking water -- Chapter 4 - What is Now Required for Water? -- Chapter 5 - CEN/ISO standards for both culture and molecular methods -- Chapter 6 - Laboratory validation, verification, and accreditation of molecular methods -- Chapter 7 - DNA extraction: finding the most suitable method -- Chapter 8 - Assessing organism viability and interpreting genomic unit versus colony forming unit data for water and food b... -- Chapter 9 - MALDI-TOF MS: a rapid microbiological confirmation technique for food and water analysis -- Future requirements and conclusions -- Fit for purpose analysis improvements -- ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation improvements -- Sampling protocol improvements -- Sample preservation, preparation, and bacterial resuscitation improvements -- Method validation protocol improvements -- Proficiency testing improvements -- Microbial reference materials improvements -- Key new areas -- Digital PCR -- Next generation sequencing and whole genome sequencing -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Discipline-Based Professional Development -- Transforming Undergraduate Science Education -- Active Learning and Evidence-Based Teaching Approaches -- Professional Development for Teaching in the University -- Pedagogical Content Knowledge -- The Five PCK Components -- PCK for the Undergraduate Level -- Overview and Brief History of the Teaching and Learning Center (TLC) -- Key Contributors to a Disciplinary TLC -- Institutional Levels and External Entities Involved in Change Efforts -- Credibility and Buy-In -- How to Initiate a Disciplinary TLC -- Outline of the Book -- References -- 2 Building Interest and Engagement Through Enrichment Activities -- Visiting Teacher/Scholars -- Characteristics of Visiting Teacher/Scholars -- Activities with Visiting Teacher/Scholars -- Seminars and Workshops -- Guiding Principals in Developing Seminars and Workshops -- Selecting Seminar and Workshop Topics -- Evaluation of Seminars and Workshops -- PCK Focus of Seminars and Workshops -- PCK 1: Student Understanding of Science -- PCK 2. Science Curriculum -- PCK 3. Instructional Strategies -- PCK 4. Assessment of Student Learning -- PCK 5. Orientation to Teaching Science -- Conclusion -- Implementation Guide -- Tips for Hosting a Successful Teacher/Scholar Visit -- Selecting and Recruiting Visiting Teacher/Scholars -- Publicizing the Visit -- Creating an Agenda of Activities -- Example Seminars and Workshops by PCK Component -- PCK 1: Overcoming Students' Alternative Conceptions in the Chemical and Life Sciences -- PCK 2: Undergraduate Curriculum Innovations in the College of Chemical and Life Sciences -- PCK 3: Blended Learning: What It Is and How to Use It -- PCK 4: As You Can See, But Students Don't: A Closer Look at How Students Read and Interpret Graphic Information. , PCK 5: Identifying the Hallmarks of Effective Teaching to Create a Rubric for Peer Review of Teaching -- Following the Workshop -- References -- 3 Acculturation of New Faculty Members -- Preparation and Work Context of New Faculty Members -- Getting to Know Our New Faculty Members -- Overview of the New Faculty Longitudinal Study -- Analysis of Study Findings by PCK Component -- PCK 1: Student Understanding of Science -- PCK 2: Science Curriculum -- PCK 3: Instructional Strategies -- PCK 4: Assessment of Student Learning -- PCK 5: Orientation to Teaching Science -- Professional Development for New Faculty Members -- Welcome Workshop -- Seminars and Workshops -- Individual Consulting -- Connections to Networks and Faculty Learning Communities -- Funding Opportunities -- Conclusion -- Implementation Guide -- Longitudinal Study: Interview Protocols -- Initial Interview Protocol -- Follow-up Interview Protocol -- Welcome Workshop -- Welcome Workshop Outline -- Welcome Packet -- References -- 4 Consultation for Individuals and Groups of Faculty -- The Need for Ongoing Professional Development -- Bridging the Gap Through Professional Development -- Our Model for Consulting -- Consultation for Individuals -- Consultation for Groups of Faculty -- Informal Groups of Faculty -- Faculty Learning Communities -- Conclusion -- Implementation Guide -- Consultation for Individuals -- PCK 1: Knowledge of Student Understanding -- PCK 2: Knowledge of Science Curriculum -- PCK 3: Knowledge of Instructional Strategies -- PCK 4: Knowledge of Assessment -- PCK 5: Orientation to Science Teaching -- Consultation for Faculty Learning Communities -- PCK 1: Knowledge of Student Understanding -- PCK 2: Knowledge of Science Curriculum -- PCK 3: Knowledge of Instructional Strategies -- PCK 4: Knowledge of Assessment -- PCK 5: Orientation to Science Teaching -- References. , 5 Preparing Graduate Students for Their Teaching Responsibilities -- Need for Training -- Types of Training Currently Offered -- Short Workshops for Beginning GTAs -- Longer Preparatory or Support Course -- Teaching as Professional Development -- Being Observed -- Observation of Experienced Teachers -- Certificate Programs -- National Professional Development Networks -- Professional Development for GTAs in Our University -- Needs Assessment -- Key Findings from the Survey -- Feedback from the Workshop on Roles of the GTA -- Our Professional Development Programs for GTAs -- Seminars and Workshops -- Mandatory Six-Week Courses for New GTAs -- Optional Two-Credit Course -- Certificate Program in Teaching and Learning -- Conclusion -- Implementation Guide -- Workshop: The Role of the GTA -- Summary of GTA Needs Assessment Survey Results -- Conversations on GTA Roles and Challenges -- Conversations on Enhancing GTA Professional Development -- Experiences with Innovative Course Redesigns -- Mandatory Six-Week Teaching Preparatory Course -- Session 1: Introduction and Overview of the Role of the GTA in Undergraduate Education -- Session 2: Student-GTA Communication -- Session 3: Assessing Student Performance -- Session 4: Engaging Students Through Effective Teaching -- Session 5: Evaluation and Expectations of the GTA -- Session 6: Special Topics Based on GTA Interests -- 2-Credit Course for Graduate Students -- Session 1: Introduction to the Course -- Session 2: Overview of Science Education -- Session 3: Student Diversity in Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences -- Sessions 4 and 5: Theories in Science Education -- Session 6: Active Learning and Evidence-Based Teaching Approaches -- Session 7: Assessment, Rubrics, and Grading -- Session 8: Students' Alternative Conceptions -- Session 9: Using Visual Representations-Concept Maps and Models. , Session 10: Using Technology in Science Education -- Session 11: Observation of an Undergraduate Science Class -- Sessions 12-14: Presentations of Teachable Units -- References -- 6 Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Teaching and Learning Center -- The Role of Comprehensive Program Evaluation -- Needs Assessment: A First Step -- Stakeholders and Their Input into the TLC Needs Assessment -- Final Steps of the Needs Assessment Process -- Ongoing Evaluation: Measuring Five Levels of Program Impact -- Level 1: Participation -- How Do Participants Know About the TLC and Its Activities? -- Who Participates and in What Do They Participate? -- Why Do Individuals Participate? -- Level 2: Satisfaction -- Assessing the Achievement of Programmatic Goals -- Assessing Participant Satisfaction -- Level 3: Learning -- Stage 1: Knowledge of Evidence-Based Teaching Practices -- Stage 2: Belief in the Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Teaching Practices in Enhancing Student Learning -- Stage 3: An Understanding of How to Employ Evidence-Based Teaching Practices -- Level 4: Application -- Faculty Self-Reports of the Teaching Practices They Used -- Student Reports of Teaching Practices They Experienced -- Classroom Observations -- Level 5: Impact -- Student Satisfaction with Their Courses and Course Instruction -- Student Attitudes and Beliefs About Science -- Student Learning in Courses and Sequences of Courses -- Conclusion -- Implementation Guide -- Guiding Questions for Departmental Meetings-Needs Assessment -- Sample Completed Faculty Learning Community Observation Protocol -- References -- 7 Concluding Thoughts -- Lessons Learned.

Note: Intro -- Supervisor's Foreword -- Abstract -- Preface -- Parts of this thesis have been published in the following articles: -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.1.1 Fusion and ITER -- 1.1.2 ITER Design -- 1.2 Tungsten -- 1.2.1 The Divertor and Material Requirements -- 1.2.2 Physical Properties -- 1.2.3 Thermal Shock -- 1.2.4 Plasma Poisoning -- 1.3 Helium-Induced Nanostructure Formation in W -- 1.3.1 He Self-Trapping and Bubble Formation -- 1.3.2 Nano-fuzz and Dust Formation -- 1.3.3 Influence of He on H Retention -- 1.3.4 The Importance of Statistically Significant Empirical Validation of Computational Models -- 1.4 Thesis Outline -- References -- 2 Developing a GISAXS Model to Enable Study of Nano-bubble Formation -- 2.1 The Case for Grazing-Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) -- 2.1.1 Limitations of TEM as a Tool to Study Nano-structures in W -- 2.1.2 GISAXS Overview -- 2.1.3 GISAXS Beamline Setup -- 2.2 Building a GISAXS Model to Facilitate Analysis of He Nano-bubble Formation -- 2.2.1 Model Overview -- 2.2.2 X-ray Propagation Through Materials -- 2.2.3 The GISAXS "Master Equation" -- 2.2.4 Transmission Factors: T(αi) and T(αf) -- 2.2.5 Form Factor and Volume: F(q′) and V -- 2.2.6 Structure Factor: S(q′) -- 2.2.7 Attenuation Factor: A(αi, αf) -- 2.2.8 Particle Size Distributions -- 2.3 Pattern Fitting -- 2.3.1 Data Sampling Methods -- 2.3.2 Optimisation and Goodness-of-Fit -- 2.3.3 Error Estimation -- 2.3.4 Other GISAXS Software -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- 2.4.1 Future Work -- 2.4.2 Summary -- References -- 3 Validation of GISAXS Model with TEM Data -- 3.1 Experimental Overview -- 3.2 Experimental Procedure -- 3.2.1 Sample Preparation and Plasma Exposure -- 3.2.2 TEM Counting and Statistical Calculations for Exponentially Distributed Data -- 3.2.3 Fitting More Complex Diameter Distributions. , 3.2.4 GISAXS Measurement and Modelling -- 3.3 Comparison Between GISAXS and TEM Results -- 3.3.1 Exponentially Distributed Diameters -- 3.3.2 Log-Normal and Weibull Distributions -- 3.3.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Effect of He Fluence on Nano-bubble Growth -- 4.1 He Fluence and W Performance -- 4.2 Experimental Overview -- 4.2.1 Sample Preparation -- 4.2.2 MAGPIE-The MAGnetised Plasma Interaction Experiment -- 4.2.3 PISCES-A -- 4.2.4 Methods for Measuring Nano-structure Growth -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Influence of Fluence on He Nano-bubble Diameters -- 4.3.2 Effect of Fluence on Nano-bubble Depths -- 4.4 Summary -- References -- 5 Effect of Sample Temperature and Transient Heat Loading on Nano-bubble Growth -- 5.1 Temperature and Nano-bubbles -- 5.2 Experimental Procedure -- 5.2.1 NAGDIS-II -- 5.2.2 PISCES-A + DIII-D -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Effect of Temperature on Bubble Growth -- 5.3.2 Effect of Transient Thermal Loads -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Investigating Synergistic Effects on W Performance with Magnum-PSI -- 6.1 Synergy -- 6.2 Experimental Methods -- 6.2.1 Sample Preparation -- 6.2.2 Plasma Exposure in Magnum-PSI -- 6.2.3 ERDA Measurements -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 He Retention -- 6.3.2 He Nano-bubble Formation -- 6.3.3 H Retention -- 6.3.4 H-induced Surface Modification -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 6.4.1 Summary -- 6.4.2 Future Work -- References -- 7 Conclusion -- 7.1 Summary of Key Results -- 7.1.1 Scientific Impact -- 7.1.2 Development and Demonstration of the GISAXS Technique -- 7.1.3 Effects of Fluence, Temperature, and Transient Heat/Particle Loading on Nano-bubble Formation -- 7.1.4 Synergistic Effects, He, and H Retention -- 7.2 Future Opportunities -- 7.2.1 Using GISAXS to Benchmark Nano-bubble Growth Models -- 7.2.2 Advanced GISAXS Analysis and Methods -- References.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- CONTENTS -- 1 Preface -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 Zoogeography -- 2 Environmental Factors -- 3 Tropical Forest -- 4 Savannah -- 5 Desert -- 6 Steppe -- 7 Temperate Forest -- 8 Taiga -- 9 Tundra And Snowlands -- 10 Mountains -- 11 Microenvironments -- 12 Fresh Waters -- 13 The Selective Influence Of The Habitat -- 14 The Influence Of The Organism On Its Habitat -- 15 Ecological Regulation -- Bibliography -- Appendix 1: Classification of World Climates and Vegetation -- Appendix 2: The Deserts of the World -- Index to Authors Cited -- General Index.