Description: In this study we have applied different indices based on long chain diols, i.e., the Long chain Diol Index (LDI) as proxy for past SST, the Diol Index as indicator of past upwelling conditions and the Nutrient Diol Index (NDI) as proxy for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in seawater. The proxies were analyzed in marine sediments recovered at ODP Site 1234, located within the Peru-Chile upwelling system, with a 2 kyr resolution, covering the last 150 kyrs. We also generated TEX^H^~86 and U_K'37 temperature and planktonic δ^18^O records, as well as total organic carbon (TOC) and accumulation rates (ARs) of TOC and lipid biomarkers (i.e., C~37~ alkenones, GDGTs, dinosterol and loliolide) to reconstruct past phytoplankton production. The LDI-derived SST record co-varies with TEX^H^86- and UK'37-derived SST records as well as with the planktonic δ^18^O record, implying that the LDI reflects past SST variations at this site. TOC and phytoplankton AR records indicate increased export production during the Last Interglacial (MIS 5), simultaneous with a peak in the abundance of preserved _Chaetoceros diatoms, suggesting intensified upwelling during this period. The Diol Index is relatively low during the upwelling period, but peaks before and after this period, suggesting that Proboscia diatoms were more abundant before and after the period of upwelling. The NDI reveals the same trends as the Diol Index suggesting that the input of nitrate and phosphate was minimal during upwelling, which is unrealistic. We suggest that the Diol Index and NDI should perhaps be considered as indicators for Proboscia productivity instead of upwelling conditions or nutrient concentrations.

Description: The eastern Mediterranean Sea sedimentary record is characterised by intervals of organic rich sediment (sapropels), indicating periods of severe anoxia triggered by astronomical forcing. It has been hypothesized that nitrogen fixation was crucial in injecting the Mediterranean Sea with bioavailable nitrogen (N) during sapropel events. However, the evolution of the N biogeochemical cycle of sapropels is poorly understood. For example, the role of the complementary removal reaction, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), has not been investigated because the traditional lipid biomarkers for anammox, ladderane fatty acids, are not stable over long periods in the sedimentary record. The recent development of an alternative lipid biomarker for anammox (bacteriohopanetetrol stereoisomer; BHT isomer) allowed for the investigation of anammox during sapropel deposition in this marginal sea. We present here the first application of a lipid biomarker for N removal throughout the progression (e.g. formation, propagation, and termination) of basin-wide anoxic events. In this study, BHT isomer and ladderanes were analysed in sapropel records taken from three Eastern Mediterranean sediment cores, spanning the most recent (S1) to Pliocene sapropels. Ladderanes were rapidly degraded in sediments, as recently as the S5 sapropel (ca. 125 ka). BHT isomer, however, was present in all sapropel sediments, as far back as the Pliocene (2.97 Ma), and clearly showed the response of anammox bacteria to marine water column redox shifts in high-resolution records. Two different N removal scenarios were observed in Mediterranean sapropels. During S5, anammox experienced Black Sea-like water column conditions, with the peak of BHT isomer coinciding with the core of the sapropel. Under the alternative scenario observed in the Pliocene sapropel, the anammox biomarker peaked at onset and termination of said sapropel, which may indicate sulphide inhibition of anammox during the core of sapropel deposition. This study shows the use of BHT isomer as a biomarker for anammox in the marine sediment record and highlights its potential in reconstructing anammox during past anoxic events that are too old for ladderanes to be applied (e.g. the history of oxygen minimum zone expansion and oceanic anoxic events).