Description: Between 25.10. and 18.11.2009, Multibeam data based on the KONGSBERG Simrad EM120 were acquired during RV Maria S. Merian cruise MSM13/3.The investigation of diversity and community distribution of chemosynthetic ecosystems related to fluid escape structures at the eastern and central provinces of the Nile fan (Eastern Mediterranean Sea) was the main research target. Additionally element transport rates and fluid export related to these fluid seeps was further explored. This cruise was in corporation with the DIWOOD program. Therefore wood, which was deployed in 2006/2007, was recovered to investigate the influence of wood degradation on ecosystems. To collect gas/fluid and sediment samples, the ROV QUEST4000 (MARUM) was utilized. During the cruise hydroacoustic systems (Multibeam and Parasound) were recorded to generate high-resolution maps of the research areas as well as to identify and to quantify seepage structures. CI Citation: Paul Wintersteller (seafloor-imaging@marum.de) as responsible party for bathymetry raw data ingest and approval. Description of the data source: During the MSM13-3 cruise, the hull-mounted KONGSBERG EM120 multibeam echosounder (MBES) was utilized for bathymetric mapping in water depth beyond 1000 m as it allows accurate bathymetric mapping up to full ocean depth. Two linear transducer arrays in Mills Cross configuration transmit a nominal sonar frequency of 12 kHz with an maximum beam width of 130° across track and 1° along track. 191 individual beams were created per ping. The actual footprint of a beam has a dimension of 1° by 2°. On flat bottom, the achievable swath width can reach up to six times the water depth. The angular coverage sector and beam pointing angles were set to vary automatically with depth according to achievable coverage. For further information on the system, consult https://www.km.kongsberg.com/. Responsible person during this cruise / PI: Paul Wintersteller (pwintersteller@marum.de), Heiko Sahling and Miriam Römer (mroemer@marum.de). Chief Scientist: Antje Boetius CR: https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/download/?tx_tibsearch_search%5Bdocid%5D=awi%3Adoi~10.2312%252Fcr_msm13_3&cHash=91ccabc6630ae9bbd4b3fc995f742237#download-mark CSR: https://www2.bsh.de/aktdat/dod/fahrtergebnis/2009/20100012.htm

Description: Abstract & Purpose of the cruise M114 At the so-called asphalt volcanoes in the southern Gulf of Mexico heavy oil is seeping at the seafloor where it remains as asphalt deposits. Discovered and preliminarily surveyed during SO174 and M67/2 expeditions, these sites are subject for detail studies during M114 focusing on mapping with autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV MARUM-SEAL), deep-towed sidescan sonar (DTS-1), sediment echosounder (Parasound), multibeam echosounder (EM122), and remotely operated vehicle MARUM-ROV Quest. The overarching objective is to better understand the impact, fate, and decay rates of oil in the deep-sea environment. Heavy oil and gas bubbles are emitted from the 1200 to 2900 m deep seafloor in the hy-drocarbon province Campeche Knolls in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The viscous heavy oil flows across the seafloor, loses volatile compounds, solidifies, and is converted to asphalt with time. Due to the fact that the heavy oil remains at the seafloor, these sites are natural laboratories to study the impact of oil on deep-sea ecosystems, and the time scales of oil and asphalt degradation. These subjects are very timely, and can help understanding effects of deep water oil spills as caused by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We propose to study the extent of oil emissions and asphalt deposits using sidescan sonar and to investigate them further employing ROV Quest. A further major topic of the proposed cruise addresses the question whether or not methane can reach the sea surface and may contribute to the pool of greenhouse gases. The fact that seepage of oil-coated gas bubbles leads to oil slicks at the sea surface and enhanced methane concentrations was recently shown in the north-ern Gulf. It can be assumed that similar efficient transport processes for methane exists in the area of the Campeche Knolls, where oil slicks have been observed in association with about ~30 individual seafloor structures.

Description: Purpose of the cruise M114 At the so-called asphalt volcanoes in the southern Gulf of Mexico heavy oil is seeping at the seafloor where it remains as asphalt deposits. Discovered and preliminarily surveyed during SO174 and M67/2 expeditions, these sites are subject for detail studies during M114 focusing on mapping with autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV MARUM-SEAL), deep-towed sidescan sonar (DTS-1), sediment echosounder (Parasound), multibeam echosounder (EM122), and remotely operated vehicle MARUM-ROV Quest. The overarching objective is to better understand the impact, fate, and decay rates of oil in the deep-sea environment. Heavy oil and gas bubbles are emitted from the 1200 to 2900 m deep seafloor in the hy-drocarbon province Campeche Knolls in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The viscous heavy oil flows across the seafloor, loses volatile compounds, solidifies, and is converted to asphalt with time. Due to the fact that the heavy oil remains at the seafloor, these sites are natural laboratories to study the impact of oil on deep-sea ecosystems, and the time scales of oil and asphalt degradation. These subjects are very timely, and can help understanding effects of deep water oil spills as caused by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We propose to study the extent of oil emissions and asphalt deposits using sidescan sonar and to investigate them further employing ROV Quest. A further major topic of the proposed cruise addresses the question whether or not methane can reach the sea surface and may contribute to the pool of greenhouse gases. The fact that seepage of oil-coated gas bubbles leads to oil slicks at the sea surface and enhanced methane concentrations was recently shown in the north-ern Gulf. It can be assumed that similar efficient transport processes for methane exists in the area of the Campeche Knolls, where oil slicks have been observed in association with about ~30 individual seafloor structures.