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  • MDPI AG  (68)
  • 2015-2019  (68)
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  • MDPI AG  (68)
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  • 2015-2019  (68)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Plant Leaf Geometric Parameter Measurement System Based on the Android Platform
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Sensors Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2019-04-19), p. 1872-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 8 ( 2019-04-19), p. 1872-
    Abstract: Automatic and efficient plant leaf geometry parameter measurement offers useful information for plant management. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient and effective leaf geometry parameter measurement system based on the Android phone platform. The Android mobile phone was used to process and measure geometric parameters of the leaf, such as length, width, perimeter, and area. First, initial leaf images were pre-processed by some image algorithms, then distortion calibration was proposed to eliminate image distortion. Next, a method for calculating leaf parameters by using the positive circumscribed rectangle of the leaf as a reference object was proposed to improve the measurement accuracy. The results demonstrated that the test distances from 235 to 260 mm and angles from 0 to 45 degrees had little influence on the leafs’ geometric parameters. Both lab and outdoor measurements of leaf parameters showed that the developed method and the standard method were highly correlated. In addition, for the same leaf, the results of different mobile phone measurements were not significantly different. The leaf geometry parameter measurement system based on the Android phone platform used for this study could produce high accuracy measurements for leaf geometry parameters.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s19081872
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    One-Year Characterization and Reactivity of Isoprene and Its Impact on Surface Ozone Formation at A Suburban Site in Guangzhou, China
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2019-04-15), p. 201-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2019-04-15), p. 201-
    Abstract: Isoprene has a potentially large effect on ozone (O3) formation in the subtropical, highly polluted city of Guangzhou. Online measurements of isoprene in Guangzhou city are scarce; thus, isoprene levels were monitored for one year at the Guangzhou Panyu Atmospheric Composition Station (GPACS), a suburban site in Guangzhou, using an online gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC–FID) system to investigate the characterization and reactivity of isoprene and its effect on the O3 peak profile in different seasons. The results showed that the daily average mixing ratios of isoprene at GPACS were 0.40, 2.20, 1.40, and 0.13 mixing ratio by volume (ppbv) in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. These values were considerably higher than the mixing ratios of isoprene in the numerous other subtropical and temperate cities around the world. Furthermore, isoprene ranked first with regard to O3 formation potential (OFP) and propylene-equivalent mixing ratio among 56 measured non–methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). The ratios of isoprene to cis-2-butene, an exhaust tracer, were determined to estimate the fractions of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. The results revealed a much greater contribution from biogenic than anthropogenic factors during the daytime in all four seasons. In addition, night-time isoprene emissions were mostly associated with vehicles in winter, and the residual isoprene that remained after photochemical loss during the daytime also persisted into the night. The high levels of isoprene in summer and autumn may cause the strong and broad peaks of the O3 profile because of its association with the most favorable meteorological conditions (e.g., high temperature and intense solar radiation) and the highest OH mixing ratio, which could affect human health by exposing people to a high O3 mixing ratio for prolonged periods. The lower mixing ratios of isoprene resulted in a weak and sharp peak in the O3 profile in both spring and winter. The high level of isoprene in the subtropical zone could accentuate its large impact on atmospheric oxidant capacity and air quality in Guangzhou city.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040201
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Composite Evaluation Model of Sustainable Manufacturing in Machining Process for Typical Machine Tools
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Processes Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2019-02-20), p. 110-
    Details
    In: Processes, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2019-02-20), p. 110-
    Abstract: Machine tool is the basic manufacturing equipment in today’s mechanical manufacturing industry. A considerable amount of energy and carbon emission are consumed in machining processes, the realization of sustainable manufacturing of machine tools have become an urgent problem to be solved in the field of industry and academia. Therefore, five types of machine tools were selected for the typical machining processes (turning, milling, planning, grinding and drilling). Then the model of the energy efficiency, carbon efficiency and green degree model were established in this paper which considers the theory and experiment with the resource, energy and emission modeling method. The head frame spindle and head frame box were selected to verify the feasibility and practicability of the proposed model, based on the orthogonal experiment case of the key machining process. In addition, the influence rules of machining parameters were explored and the energy efficiency and green degree of the machine tools were compared. Finally, the corresponding strategies for energy conservation and emission reduction were proposed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-9717
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/pr7020110
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720994-5
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Error-Based Observer of a Charge Couple Device Tracking Loop for Fast Steering Mirror
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Sensors Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2017-02-28), p. 479-
    Details
    In: Sensors, MDPI AG, Vol. 17, No. 3 ( 2017-02-28), p. 479-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1424-8220
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/s17030479
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2052857-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Functional Analysis of FgNahG Clarifies the Contribution of Salicylic Acid to Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Toxins Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2019-01-22), p. 59-
    Details
    In: Toxins, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2019-01-22), p. 59-
    Abstract: Salicylic acid (SA) is a key defense hormone associated with wheat resistance against Fusarium head blight, which is a severe disease mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum. Although F. graminearum can metabolize SA, it remains unclear how this metabolic activity affects the wheat–F. graminearum interaction. In this study, we identified a salicylate hydroxylase gene (FG05_08116; FgNahG) in F. graminearum. This gene encodes a protein that catalyzes the conversion of SA to catechol. Additionally, FgNahG was widely distributed within hyphae. Disrupting the FgNahG gene (ΔFgNahG) led to enhanced sensitivity to SA, increased accumulation of SA in wheat spikes during the early infection stage and inhibited development of head blight symptoms. However, FgNahG did not affect mycotoxin production. Re-introducing a functional FgNahG gene into the ΔFgNahG mutant recovered the wild-type phenotype. Moreover, the expression of FgNahG in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana decreased the SA concentration and the resistance of leaves to F. graminearum. These results indicate that the endogenous SA in wheat influences the resistance against F. graminearum. Furthermore, the capacity to metabolize SA is an important factor affecting the ability of F. graminearum to infect wheat plants.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6651
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020059
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518395-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sensitivity of Vegetation on Alpine and Subalpine Timberline in Qinling Mountains to Temperature Change
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Forests Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2019-12-03), p. 1105-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2019-12-03), p. 1105-
    Abstract: Alpine timberline is a great place for monitoring climate change. The study of alpine and subalpine timberline in Qinling Mountains has led to early warning that reveals the response and adaptation of terrestrial vegetation ecosystem to climate change. Based on the remote sensing image classification method, the typical timberline area in Qinling Mountains was determined. Temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data were extracted from the typical timberline area based on spatial interpolation and NDVI data. The relationship between NDVI and temperature change and the critical temperature value affecting vegetation response in the timberline area in Qinling Mountains were analyzed. Correlation between NDVI and air temperature in the alpine and subalpine timberline areas of Qinling Mountains exhibited an upward trend, which implied that temperature promotes vegetation activity. A strong correlation between temperature and NDVI in typical timberline areas of Qinling Mountains, and a significant correlation between temperature and NDVI in the early growing season. A phenomenon of NDVI lagging behind air temperature was observed. Temperature response showed synchronization and hysteresis. The correlation between cumulative temperature and vegetation was similar between Taibai Mountain and Niubeiliang timberline, and the correlation between NDVI in April and cumulative temperature in the first 12 months was the strongest. Temperature threshold range of Taibai Mountain timberline played a dominant role in vegetation growth. Our results provide insights and basis for future studies of early warning signs of climate change, specifically between 0.34 and 1.34 °C. The threshold ranges of temperature response of different vegetation types vary. Compared with alpine shrub meadow, the threshold ranges of temperature effect of Coniferous forest and Larix chinensis Beissn. are smaller, implying that these vegetation types are more sensitive to temperature change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f10121105
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527081-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New Global View of Above-Cloud Absorbing Aerosol Distribution Based on CALIPSO Measurements
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 11, No. 20 ( 2019-10-16), p. 2396-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 20 ( 2019-10-16), p. 2396-
    Abstract: Above-low-level-cloud aerosols (ACAs) have gradually gained more interest in recent years; however, the combined aerosol–cloud radiation effects are not well understood. The uncertainty about the radiative effects of aerosols above cloud mainly stems from the lack of comprehensive and accurate retrieval of aerosols and clouds for ACA scenes. In this study, an improved ACA identification and retrieval methodology was developed to provide a new global view of the ACA distribution by combining three-channel CALIOP (The Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) observations. The new method can reliably identify and retrieve both thin and dense ACA layers, providing consistent results between the day- and night-time retrieval of ACAs. Then, new four-year (2007 to 2010) global ACA datasets were built, and new seasonal mean views of global ACA occurrence, optical depth, and geometrical thickness were presented and analyzed. Further discussion on the relative position of ACAs to low clouds showed that the mean distance between the ACA layer and the low cloud deck over the tropical Atlantic region is less than 0.2 km. This indicates that the ACAs over this region are more likely to be mixed with low-level clouds, thereby possibly influencing the cloud microphysics over this region, contrary to findings reported from previous studies. The results not only help us better understand global aerosol transportation and aerosol–cloud interactions but also provide useful information for model evaluation and improvements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs11202396
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identification of Key Residues Required for RNA Silencing Suppressor Activity of p23 Protein from a Mild Strain of Citrus Tristeza Virus
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Viruses Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2019-08-25), p. 782-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 9 ( 2019-08-25), p. 782-
    Abstract: The severe strain of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) causes quick decline of citrus trees. However, the CTV mild strain causes no symptoms and commonly presents in citrus trees. Viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) plays an important role in the successful invasion of viruses into plants. For CTV, VSR has mostly been studied in severe strains. In this study, the N4 mild strain in China was sequenced and found to have high sequence identity with the T30 strain. Furthermore, we verified the functions of three VSRs in the N4 strain, and p23 was found to be the most effective in terms of local silencing suppressor activity among the three CTV VSRs and localized to both nucleus and plasmodesmata, which is similar to CTV T36 strain. Several conserved amino acids were identified in p23. Mutation of E95A/V96A and M99A/L100AA impaired p23 protein stability. Consequently, these two mutants lost most of its suppressor activity and their protein levels could not be rescued by co-expressing p19. Q93A and R143A/E144A abolished p23 suppressor activity only and their protein levels increased to wild type level when co-expressed with p19. This work may facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of CTV mild strains.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v11090782
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Highly Selective Turn-on and Reversible Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3+ Detection Based on Novel Salicylidene Schiff Base-Terminated PEG in Pure Aqueous Solution
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Polymers Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2019-03-27), p. 573-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 4 ( 2019-03-27), p. 573-
    Abstract: The development of highly selective and sensitive chemosensors for Al3+ detection in pure aqueous solution is still a significant challenge. In this work, a novel water-soluble polymer PEGBAB based on salicylidene Schiff base has been designed and synthesized as a turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of Al3+ in 100% aqueous solution. PEGBAB exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to Al3+ over other competitive metal ions with the detection limit as low as 4.05 × 10−9 M. PEGBAB displayed high selectivity to Al3+ in the pH range of 5–10. The fluorescence response of PEGBAB to Al3+ was reversible in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Based on the fluorescence response, an INHIBIT logic gate was constructed with Al3+ and EDTA as two inputs. Moreover, test strips based on PEGBAB were fabricated facilely for convenient on-site detection of Al3+.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym11040573
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Relationships between the Working Fluids, Process Characteristics and Products from the Modified Coaxial Electrospinning of Zein
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Polymers Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2019-08-01), p. 1287-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 8 ( 2019-08-01), p. 1287-
    Abstract: The accurate prediction and manipulation of nanoscale product sizes is a major challenge in material processing. In this investigation, two process characteristics were explored during the modified coaxial electrospinning of zein, with the aim of understanding how this impacts the products formed. The characteristics studied were the spreading angle at the unstable region (θ) and the length of the straight fluid jet (L). An electrospinnable zein core solution was prepared and processed with a sheath comprising ethanolic solutions of LiCl. The width of the zein nanoribbons formed (W) was found to be more closely correlated with the spreading angle and straight fluid jet length than with the experimental parameters (the electrolyte concentrations and conductivity of the shell fluids). Linear equations W = 546.44L − 666.04 and W = 2255.3θ − 22.7 could be developed with correlation coefficients of Rwl2 = 0.9845 and Rwθ2 = 0.9924, respectively. These highly linear relationships reveal that the process characteristics can be very useful tools for both predicting the quality of the electrospun products, and manipulating their sizes for functional applications. This arises because any changes in the experimental parameters would have an influence on both the process characteristics and the solid products’ properties.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym11081287
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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