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  • 1
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    Pushing the limits: an instrument for hard X-ray imaging below 20 nm (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: Hard X-ray microscopy is a prominent tool suitable for nanoscale-resolution non-destructive imaging of various materials used in different areas of science and technology. With an ongoing effort to push the 2D/3D imaging resolution down to 10 nm in the hard X-ray regime, both the fabrication of nano-focusing optics and the stability of the microscope using those optics become extremely challenging. In this work a microscopy system designed and constructed to accommodate multilayer Laue lenses as nanofocusing optics is presented. The developed apparatus has been thoroughly characterized in terms of resolution and stability followed by imaging experiments at a synchrotron facility. Drift rates of ∼2 nm h −1 accompanied by 13 nm × 33 nm imaging resolution at 11.8 keV are reported.
    Print ISSN: 0909-0495
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5775
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of International Union of Crystallography (IUCr).
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  • 2
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    Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in patients with malignancies (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-28
    Description: Background Malignancy is known to be associated with increased mortality rate for patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). However, risk factors contributing to poor prognosis of SJS/TEN patients with malignancies remain undefined. Objectives To explore the potential involvement of malignancy and its related factors contributing to the poor outcome of SJS/TEN, we conducted a retrospective study. Methods In total 517 SJS/TEN patients enrolled, 47 of patients sustaining various types of malignancies were analyzed for numerous malignancy-related factors, including cancer types, clinical stages, and chemotherapies given or not before the onset of SJS/TEN. Results We found that the mortality rate of SJS/TEN patients with malignancies is higher than that of patients without malignancies (31.91%, 15/47 and 8.51%, 40/470, respectively) (p 〈0.001). The use of phenytoin was significantly higher in the malignancy group. The existence of hepatocellular carcinoma (80%, 4/5; p〈0.0001; OR=43) and colorectal cancer (66.67%, 2/3; p=0.0217; OR=21.5) significantly increased the death rate of SJS/TEN patients, whereas lung cancer and urothelial carcinoma did not. Patients who received ongoing or recent chemotherapy show increased mortality as compared to those without chemotherapy (p=0.0217; OR=4.95). Furthermore, among 47 SJS/TEN patients with malignancies, lower serum albumin, hemoglobulin, and platelet count were detected in the deceased patients in comparison to the survived patients before the onset of SJS/TEN. Conclusion Our results suggest that several factors related to malignancies, such as specific cancer types, chemotherapy and malnutrition may contribute to poor prognosis of patients with malignancies developing SJS/TEN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0007-0963
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2133
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 3
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    Seasonal fluctuations of ichthyoplankton assemblage in the northeastern South China Sea influenced by the Kuroshio intrusion (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-26
    Description: The distribution and assemblage of ichthyoplankton related to local hydrographic features, especially intrusion of the Kuroshio Current (KC) and Guangdong Coastal Current (GCC) in the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS) were investigated in this study. A total of 193 species of ichthyoplankton belonging to 141 genera and 66 families were recognized in summer 2015 and late-winter 2016. The ichthyoplankton assemblage was identified with distinct seasonal differences, and the differences were responded well with the oceanography conditions. In summer, the assemblages were identified into offshore and inshore groups, as controlled by the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) in off-shelf, upwelling and the diluted water from the Pearl River in inshore. In winter, three groups were divided, representing the southwestern inshore, intrusion of the KC in the eastern offshore and the GCC in the northern inshore area, respectively. Furthermore, Sigmops gracilis and Vinciguerria sp.3 were probably brought into the NESCS by intrusion of the KC from the eastern Luzon Strait. In addition, high ichthyoplankton abundance was found in high chlorophyll a located in upwelling areas in the northern coastal area in summer and in the southwestern Taiwan Bank in winter, respectively. The nutrition outcropped by the upwelling together, and those brought from the Pearl River probably supported high food availability of the ichthyoplankton in the northern coast of the NESCS.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Atomic structure of the apoptosome: mechanism of cytochrome c- and dATP-mediated activation of Apaf-1 [Research Papers] (2015)
    Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: The apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) controls the onset of many known forms of intrinsic apoptosis in mammals. Apaf-1 exists in normal cells as an autoinhibited monomer. Upon binding to cytochrome c and dATP, Apaf-1 oligomerizes into a heptameric complex known as the apoptosome, which recruits and activates cell-killing caspases. Here we present an atomic structure of an intact mammalian apoptosome at 3.8 Å resolution, determined by single-particle, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Structural analysis, together with structure-guided biochemical characterization, uncovered how cytochrome c releases the autoinhibition of Apaf-1 through specific interactions with the WD40 repeats. Structural comparison with autoinhibited Apaf-1 revealed how dATP binding triggers a set of conformational changes that results in the formation of the apoptosome. Together, these results constitute the molecular mechanism of cytochrome c - and dATP-mediated activation of Apaf-1.
    Print ISSN: 0890-9369
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
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  • 5
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    Black carbon enhances haze pollution in megacities in China (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-02
    Description: Aerosol-Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) interactions have been found to enhance air pollution in megacities in China. We show that black carbon (BC) aerosols play the key role in modifying the PBL meteorology and hence enhancing the haze pollution. With model simulations and data analysis from various field observations in December 2013, we demonstrate that BC induces heating in the PBL, particularly in the upper-PBL, and the resulting decreased surface heat flux substantially depresses the development of PBL and consequently enhances the occurrences of extreme haze pollution episodes. We define this process as the “dome effect” of BC and suggest an urgent need for reducing BC emissions as an efficient way to mitigate the extreme haze pollution in megacities of China.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Nitrate Reduction Mechanisms and Rates in an Unconfined Eogenetic Karst Aquifer in Two Sites with Different Redox Potential. (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-11
    Description: This study integrates push-pull tracer tests (PPTT) with microbial characterization of extracted water via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR) of selected functional N transformation genes to quantify nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in sites with different redox potential in a karst aquifer. PPTT treatments with nitrate (AN) and nitrate-fumarate (ANC) were executed in two wells representing anoxic and oxic geochemical end members. Oxic aquifer zero order nitrate loss rates (mmol L -1 hr -1 ) were similar for AN and ANC treatment, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01. Anoxic aquifer zero order nitrate loss rates ranged from 0.03 ± 0.02 (AN) to 0.13 ± 0.02 (ANC). Microbial characterization indicates mechanisms influencing these rates were dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) at the anoxic site with AN treatment, assimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (ANRA) with ANC treatment in the water column at both sites, and additional documented nitrate reduction that occurred in unsampled biofilms. With carbon treatment, total numbers of microbes (16S rRNA genes) significantly increased (14-30 fold), supporting stimulated growth with resulting ANRA. Decreased DNRA gene concentrations ( nrfA DNA) and increased DNRA activity ratio (nrfA-cDNA/DNA) supported the assertion that DNRA occurred in the anoxic zone with AN and ANC treatment. Furthermore decreased DNRA gene copy numbers at the anoxic site with ANC treatment suggests DNRA microbes in the anoxic site are chemolithoautotrophic. Increased RT-qPCR denitrification gene expression ( nirK and nirS ) was not observed in water samples, supporting that any observed NO 3 -N loss due to denitrification may be occurring in unsampled microbial biofilms.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Introduction to CAUSES: Description of weather and climate models and their near-surface temperature errors in 5-day hindcasts near the Southern Great Plains (2018)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-17
    Description: We introduce the Clouds Above the United States and Errors at the Surface (CAUSES) project with its aim of better understanding the physical processes leading to warm screen-temperature biases over the American Midwest in many numerical models. In this first of four companion papers, 11 different models, from 9 institutes, perform a series of 5-day hindcasts, each initialised from reanalyses. After describing the common experimental protocol and detailing each model configuration, a gridded temperature data set is derived from observations and used to show that all the models have a warm bias over parts of the Midwest. Additionally, a strong diurnal cycle in the screen-temperature bias is found in most models. In some models the bias is largest around midday, while in others it is largest during the night. At the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, the model biases are shown to extend several kilometers into the atmosphere. Finally, to provide context for the companion papers, in which observations from the SGP site are used to evaluate the different processes contributing to errors there, it is shown that there are numerous locations across the Midwest where the diurnal cycle of the error is highly correlated with the diurnal cycle of the error at SGP. This suggests that conclusions drawn from detailed evaluation of models using instruments located at SGP will be representative of errors that are prevalent over a larger spatial scale.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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