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  • 11
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    Footprint and detectability of a well leaking CO2 in the Central North Sea: Implications from a field experiment and numerical modelling (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 84 . pp. 190-203.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Highlights • CO2 gas bubbles are completely dissolved within 2 m above the seabed. • CO2 is not emitted into the atmosphere but retained in the North Sea. • Dissolved CO2 is rapidly dispersed by tidal currents in the North Sea. • Harmful effects on benthic biota occur in the direct vicinity of the leak. • Monitoring has to be performed at the seabed and close to the leak. Abstract Existing wells pose a risk for the loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) from storage sites, which might compromise the suitability of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as climate change mitigation options. Here, we show results of a controlled CO2 release experiment at the Sleipner CO2 storage site and numerical simulations that evaluate the detectability and environmental consequences of a well leaking CO2 into the Central North Sea (CNS). Our field measurements and numerical results demonstrate that the detectability and impact of a leakage of 〈55 t yr−1 of CO2 would be limited to bottom waters and a small area around the leak, due to rapid CO2 bubble dissolution in seawater within the lower 2 m of the water column and quick dispersion of the dissolved CO2 plume by strong tidal currents. As such, the consequences of a single well leaking CO2 are found to be insignificant in terms of storage performance. Only prolonged leakage along numerous wells might compromise long-term CO2 storage and may adversely affect the local marine ecosystem. Since many abandoned wells leak natural gas into the marine environment, hydrocarbon provinces with a high density of wells may not always be the most suitable areas for CO2 storage.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.03.012
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 12
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    Organic carbon recycling in Baltic Sea sediments – An integrated estimate on the system scale based on in situ measurements (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 209 . pp. 81-93.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Highlights • The largest Baltic dataset of in situ measured benthic DIC fluxes is presented. • 96% of the POC delivered to Baltic sediments is recycled back to the water column. • OC recycling rates are much higher and burial rates lower than previously reported. • C budgets for the Baltic Sea should be revised taking into account these new rates. In situ measured benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), a proxy for organic carbon (OC) oxidation or recycling rates, are used together with burial rates based on measured sediment accumulation rates (SAR) and vertical distribution of OC in the sediment solid phase to construct a benthic OC budget for the Baltic Sea system. The large variability in recycling rates (4.3 ± 0.87–33 ± 17 mmol C m−2 d−1) and burial rates (1.2 ± 0.8–5.9 ± 1.8 mmol C m−2 d−1) between different sub-basins and between different depositional areas within the basins is accounted for in the budget. Our results indicate that sediments in the Baltic Sea have much higher recycling rates and lower burial rates of OC than previously found. The sediment budget calculations show that 22 ± 7.8 Tg C yr−1 of OC is recycled to the water column due to organic matter oxidation, while long term burial amounts to 1.0 ± 0.3 Tg C yr−1. For the Baltic Sea as a whole, 96% of the particulate OC (POC) deposited on the sea floor (23 ± 7.8 Tg C yr−1; the sum of recycling and burial) is recycled back to the water column. However, the burial efficiency (i.e. the fraction buried of the total deposition) shows large variability between the different basins (2.5–16%). The total benthic POC deposition is approximately 20% higher than the estimated POC source originating from primary production in the water column and riverine input. This difference is likely within the uncertainty range of our budget calculations, however it indicates that the POC sources might be underestimated. The results from this study enhance the understanding of OC delivery, deposition and cycling in the Baltic Sea, and help improving existing Baltic OC budgets.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2018.11.004
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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