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  • 1
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    Atmospheric feedbacks in North Africa from an irrigated, afforested Sahara (2018)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 50 (11-12). pp. 4561-4581.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Afforestation of the Sahara has been proposed as a climate engineering method to sequester a substantial amount of carbon dioxide, potentially effective to mitigate climate change. Earlier studies predicted changes in the atmospheric circulation system. These atmospheric feedbacks raise questions about the self-sustainability of such an intervention, but have not been investigated in detail. Here, we investigate changes in precipitation and circulation in response to Saharan large-scale afforestation and irrigation with NCAR’s CESM-WACCM Earth system model. Our model results show a Saharan temperature reduction by 6 K and weak precipitation enhancement by 267 mm/year over the Sahara. Only 26% of the evapotranspirated water re-precipitates over the Saharan Desert, considerably large amounts are advected southward to the Sahel zone and enhance the West African monsoon (WAM). Different processes cause circulation and precipitation changes over North Africa. The increase in atmospheric moisture leads to radiative cooling above the Sahara and increased high-level cloud coverage as well as atmospheric warming above the Sahel zone. Both lead to a circulation anomaly with descending air over the Sahara and ascending air over the Sahel zone. Together with changes in the meridional temperature gradient, this results in a southward shift of the inner-tropical front. The strengthening of the Tropical easterly jet and the northward displacement of the African easterly jet is associated with a northward displacement and strengthening of the WAM precipitation. Our results suggest complex atmospheric circulation feedbacks, which reduce the precipitation potential over an afforested Sahara and enhance WAM precipitation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-3890-8
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Carbon Cycle (2018)
    Springer
    In:  Current Climate Change Reports, 4 (3). pp. 250-265.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-18
    Description: Climate change resulting from increasing atmospheric CO2 is having detrimental effects on the Earth system. Societies have recognized that anthropogenic CO2 emissions must be reduced and ultimately cease to avoid potentially catastrophic impacts. However, at present timely and necessary emissions reductions appear to be very difficult to achieve. To compliment less than sufficient emissions reductions carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere is suggested. CDR is proposed through increasing natural carbon sinks, engineering new carbon sinks, or combing natural uptake with engineered storage. Initial studies demonstrate that removal of CO2 from the atmosphere will elicit a carbon cycle response with a “rebound” and other feedbacks generally opposing and so reducing the net-removal. We review this work into the carbon cycle response to CDR in general and for different proposed CDR methods and discuss future research needs. Understanding these dynamics and their uncertainties have important implications for quantifying the efficacy of CDR.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s40641-018-0104-3
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    On the use of data assimilation in biogeochemical modelling (2006)
    Springer
    In:  In: Ocean weather forecasting. , ed. by Chassignet, E. and Verron, J. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 525-547. ISBN 1-402-03981-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-23
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 4
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    Dem Ozean geht die Luft aus (2019)
    Springer
    In:  In: Die Folgen des Klimawandels. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 257-274. ISBN 978-3-662-59580-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: In den tropischen und subtropischen Meeren existieren in mittleren Tiefen riesige sauerstoffarme Zonen. Im Zuge des Klimawandels dehnen sie sich immer stärker aus. Auch in Küstenregionen entstehen durch Stickstoffbelastung aus der Landwirtschaft lebensfeindliche Zonen ohne Sauerstoff – mit verheerenden Folgen für das marine Ökosystem.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-59581-7_20
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 5
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    Modeling abiotic production of apparent oxygen utilisation in the oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic (2005)
    Springer
    In:  Ocean Dynamics, 55 (1). pp. 28-33.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-06
    Description: Apparent oxygen utilisation is potentially biased by abiotic, physical processes. Using a coupled 3-D circulation-oxygen model, this potential is quantitatively estimated for a region in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic, called the Beta Triangle, where an inconsistency exists between observational estimates of high carbon export from the euphotic zone, based on oxygen utilisation rates in the thermocline (Jenkins 1982), and those of low nutrient supply to the euphotic zone (Lewis et al. 1986, 2004). Our results indicate that in the upper ocean, the Jenkins (1982) estimate is indeed biased high by approximately 10% due to abiotic processes feigning respiration, thus contributing to the apparent inconsistency. Vertical integration, however, yields an abiotic fraction of less than 3%, so the apparent observational discrepancy can not be resolved.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s10236-005-0109-z
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Climate engineering–induced changes in correlations between Earth system variables—implications for appropriate indicator selection (2019)
    Springer
    In:  Climatic Change, 153 (3). pp. 305-322.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Climate engineering (CE) deployment would alter prevailing relationships between Earth system variables, making indicators and metrics used so far in the climate change assessment context less appropriate to assess CE measures. Achieving a comprehensive CE assessment requires a systematic and transparent reevaluation of the indicator selection process from Earth system variables. Here, we provide a first step towards such a systematic assessment of changes in correlations between Earth system variables following simulated deployment of different CE methods. We therefore analyze changes in the correlation structure of a broad set of Earth system variables for two conventional climate change scenarios without CE and with three idealized CE model experiments: (i) solar radiation management, (ii) large-scale afforestation, and (iii) ocean alkalinity enhancement. First, we investigate how the three CE scenarios alter prevailing correlations between Earth system variables when compared to an intermediate-high and a business-as-usual future climate change scenario. Second, we contrast the indicators identified for the non-CE climate change scenarios and the indicators identified when all five scenarios are considered. Finally, we use the identified indicator sets for an evaluation of the five climate change scenarios. We find that the additional indicators provide valuable information for the assessment of the CE measures, and their application hence allows for a more comprehensive and a comparative assessment of the mitigation and CE deployment scenarios.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-019-02389-7
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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